Electro-Aero-Mechanical Model of Piezoelectric Direct-Driven Flapping-Wing Actuator
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Electro-Aero-Mechanical Model
2.1. Direct-Driven Flapping-Wing Actuator
- The system has only two degrees of freedom (DOFs), and . Specifically, the wing can not only rotate but also translate on the x-z plane, and therefore, this assumption is generally incorrect. However, under a cyclic resonant condition, the wing motion can be approximated as a simple rotation around a certain axis. This approximation is verified based on the experimental results reported in a later section.
- We ignore the piezoelectric and other material losses and anchor-loss because their contribution is much smaller than that of aerial damping.
2.2. Mechanical Model
2.3. Aerodynamics on Wing
2.4. Electrical Model of Unimorph Actuator
3. Experiment
3.1. Design and Fabrication
3.2. Measurement
4. Results and Discussion
4.1. Center Position of Stroke Motion
4.2. Resonance Frequency
4.3. Resonant Driving Characteristics
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Properties | Small Type | Large Type |
---|---|---|
(mm) | 17.0 | 32.4 |
(mm) | 6.51 | 8.34 |
(mm) | 9.42 | 15.6 |
(mm) | 2.48 | 2.57 |
1.02 | 1.12 | |
1.04 | 1.23 | |
0.88 | 0.84 | |
0.89 | 0.88 | |
0.82 | 0.75 | |
0.84 | 0.73 | |
0.85 | 0.74 | |
(m−4) | 4.68 × 10−10 | 1.49 × 10−9 |
(mg) | 2.31 | 4.09 |
(kg m2) | 4.81 × 10−12 | 1.03 × 10−11 |
(kg m2) | 5.07 × 10−11 | 2.70 × 10−10 |
(kg m2) | 3.62 × 10−13 | 7.12 × 10−12 |
(kg m2) | 3.89 × 10−9 | 1.47 × 10−8 |
(Nm) | 1.48 × 10−4 | 8.64 × 10−5 |
(mm) | 10.5 | 21.0 |
(mm) | 6.0, 2.4 | 10.4, 4.4 |
(μm) | 100, 10, 100 | 100, 10, 130 |
(GPa) | 14.3 *1, 5.0, 50.3 *2 | |
(kg/m3) | 8000, 1500, 2250 *3 | |
(pm/V) | 950 *4 | |
*5 | ||
(kg/m3) | 1.29 |
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Ozaki, T.; Hamaguchi, K. Electro-Aero-Mechanical Model of Piezoelectric Direct-Driven Flapping-Wing Actuator. Appl. Sci. 2018, 8, 1699. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8091699
Ozaki T, Hamaguchi K. Electro-Aero-Mechanical Model of Piezoelectric Direct-Driven Flapping-Wing Actuator. Applied Sciences. 2018; 8(9):1699. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8091699
Chicago/Turabian StyleOzaki, Takashi, and Kanae Hamaguchi. 2018. "Electro-Aero-Mechanical Model of Piezoelectric Direct-Driven Flapping-Wing Actuator" Applied Sciences 8, no. 9: 1699. https://doi.org/10.3390/app8091699