Comparative Analysis of Neuromuscular Activation Patterns Associated with Force between Semi-Professional Female Soccer Players with Previous Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery and Healthy Players in Thigh Musculature Related to Valgus Collapse
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Outcome Variables
2.4.1. EMG Outcome Variables
2.4.2. Force Outcome Variables
2.5. Sample Size
2.6. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Comparative Analysis between Groups, ACL and NI, Considering DL or NDL
3.2. Analysis between Limbs in ACL and NI Groups Considering DL or NDL
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations
4.2. Clinical Implications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ACL | anterior cruciate ligament |
actEMG | electromyographical activation |
NI | no injury |
BF | biceps femoris |
ST | semitendinosus |
VL | vastus lateralis |
VM | vastus medialis |
GMax | gluteus maximus |
Gm | gluteus medius |
DL | dominant limb |
NDL | no dominant limb |
H | hamstrings |
Q | quadriceps |
References
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ACL (n = 11) | NI (n = 11) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | ||
Age (years) | 22.36 ± 3.56 | 20.63 ± 3.58 | 0.287 |
Weight (kg) | 59.72 ± 5.80 | 61.99 ± 6.54 | 0.408 |
Height (cm) | 162.68 ± 7.05 | 163.17 ± 6.09 | 0.869 |
DOMINANT LIMB (DL) | NO DOMINANT LIMB (NDL) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ACL | NI | p-Value | Cohen’s d | Confidence Interval (95%) | ACL | NI | p-Value | Cohen’s d | Confidence Interval (95%) | |
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |||||||
BF_peak actEMG (%) | 85.81 ± 85.81 | 90.06 ± 5.05 | 0.157 | 0.73 | (−10.33 to 1.83) | 91.22 ± 5.59 | 93.61 ± 5.45 | 0.464 | 0.43 | (−9.29 to 4.52) |
ST_peak actEMG (%) | 83.79 ± 83.79 | 89.38 ± 7.65 | 0.320 | 0.49 | (−17.29 to 6.11) | 91.34 ± 6.98 | 86.44 ± 5.96 | 0.204 | 0.75 | (−3.07 to 12.86) |
VL_peak actEMG (%) | 87.04 ± 87.04 | 89.18 ± 8.69 | 0.647 | 0.23 | (−11.86 to 7.59) | 86.14 ± 8.59 | 89.39 ± 5.16 | 0.407 | 0.46 | (−11.55 to 5.05) |
VM_peak actEMG (%) | 82.68 ± 82.68 | 87.44 ± 10.10 | 0.347 | 0.47 | (−15.19 to 5.68) | 78.84 ± 7.34 | 86.78 ± 7.43 | 0.087 | 1.07 | (−17.23 to 1.35) |
GMax_peak actEMG (%) | 87.26 ± 87.26 | 90.08 ± 6.39 | 0.509 | 0.34 | (−11.76 to 6.11) | 94.37 ± 4.67 | 88.09 ± 6.38 | 0.085 | 1.12 | (−1.01 to 13.58) |
Gm_peak actEMG (%) | 89.68 ± 89.68 | 88.04 ± 6.16 | 0.611 | 0.26 | (−5.11 to 8.39) | 91.59 ± 4.86 | 91.08 ± 6.16 | 0.879 | 0.09 | (−6.67 to 7.69) |
DOMINANT LIMB (DL) | NO DOMINANT LIMB (NDL) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ACL | NI | p-Value | Cohen’s d | Confidence Interval (95%) | ACL | NI | p-Value | Cohen’s d | Confidence Interval (95%) | |
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |||||||
BF_average actEMG (%) | 57.64 ± 57.64 | 63.60 ± 13.94 | 0.315 | 0.50 | (−18.17 to 6.25) | 49.49 ± 10.01 | 60.56 ± 5.28 | 0.023 * | 1.38 | (−20.30 to −1.84) |
ST_average actEMG (%) | 48.57 ± 48.57 | 60.21 ± 15.26 | 0.145 | 0.75 | (−27.76 to 4.49) | 54.77 ± 10.99 | 53.55 ± 6.38 | 0.803 | 0.14 | (−9.27 to 11.70) |
VL_average actEMG (%) | 58.95 ± 58.95 | 55.97 ± 12.32 | 0.543 | 0.30 | (−7.26 to 13.23) | 55.57 ± 8.25 | 57.92 ± 7.76 | 0.615 | 0.29 | (−12.31 to 7.62) |
VM_average actEMG (%) | 54.13 ± 54.13 | 53.94 ± 17.31 | 0.979 | 0.01 | (−15.79 to 16.18) | 47.07 ± 15.42 | 51.83 ± 10.47 | 0.518 | 0.36 | (−6.88 to 11.61) |
GMax_average actEMG (%) | 48.86 ± 48.86 | 55.83 ± 10.88 | 0.178 | 0.71 | (−17.53 to 3.58) | 59.82 ± 5.54 | 52.25 ± 5.66 | 0.038 * | 1.35 | (0.52 to 14.62) |
Gm_average actEMG (%) | 56.79 ± 56.79 | 58.57 ± 18.71 | 0.801 | 0.13 | (−16.68 to 13.12) | 60.09 ± 5.37 | 60.02 ± 8.34 | 0.986 | 0.01 | (−9.20 to 9.36) |
DOMINANT LIMB (DL) | NO DOMINANT LIMB (NDL) | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ACL | NI | p-Value | Cohen’s d | Confidence Interval (95%) | ACL | NI | p-Value | Cohen’s d | Confidence Interval (95%) | |
Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | Mean ± SD | |||||||
H_peak_Torque (Nm/kg) | 1.55 ± 1.55 | 1.50 ± 0.50 | 0.831 | 0.11 | (−0.47 to 0.58) | 1.25 ± 0.91 | 1.47 ± 0.57 | 0.596 | 0.29 | (−1.11 to 0.67) |
Q_peak_Torque (Nm/kg) | 2.86 ± 2.86 | 2.69 ± 0.98 | 0.640 | 0.23 | (−0.59 to 0.94) | 2.54 ± 0.97 | 2.50 ± 1.08 | 0.958 | 0.03 | (−1.27 to 1.34) |
GMax_peak_Torque (Nm/kg) | 3.15 ± 3.15 | 2.93 ± 1.12 | 0.175 | 0.22 | (−0.85 to 1.29) | 2.71 ± 0.93 | 2.99 ± 1.10 | 0.649 | 0.27 | (−1.58 to 1.03) |
Gm_peak_Torque (Nm/kg) | 2.22 ± 2.22 | 1.61 ± 0.65 | 0.092 | 0.94 | (−0.11 to 1.32) | 1.78 ± 0.78 | 1.52 ± 0.68 | 0.540 | 0.35 | (−0.64 to 1.16) |
ACL INJURED DOMINANT LIMB (ACL_DL) | ACL INJURED NO DOMINANT LIMB (ACL_NDL) | NO INJURED (NI) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DL | NDL | p Value | Cohen’s d | Confidence Interval 95% | DL | NDL | p Value | Cohen’s d | Confidence Interval 95% | DL | NDL | p Value | Cohen’s d | Confidence Interval 95% | |
(Injured) | (No Injured) | (No Injured) | (Injured) | ||||||||||||
Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | ||||||||||
± SD | ± SD | ± SD | ± SD | ± SD | ± SD | ||||||||||
BF_peak | 85.81 | 91.29 | 0.041 * | 0.91 | (−10.67 to −0.30) | 80.45 | 91.22 | 0.151 | 1.14 | (−27.65 to 6.10) | 90.06 | 93.61 | 0.227 | 0.67 | (−9.88 to 2.78) |
actEMG (%) | ±6.50 | ±5.53 | ±12.14 | ±5.59 | ±5.05 | ±5.45 | |||||||||
ST_peak | 83.79 | 90.39 | 0.290 | 0.60 | (−20.04 to 6.83) | 84.86 | 91.34 | 0.402 | 0.53 | (−25.66 to 12.71) | 89.38 | 86.44 | 0.356 | 0.42 | (−4.09 to 9.96) |
actEMG (%) | ±83.79 | ±6.80 | ±84.86 | ±6.98 | ±89.38 | ±5.96 | |||||||||
VL_peak | 87.04 | 88.21 | 0.827 | 0.12 | (−13.11 to 10.77) | 83.14 | 86.14 | 0.409 | 0.37 | (−12.04 to 6.05) | 89.18 | 89.39 | 0.949 | 0.03 | (−7.84 to 7.42) |
actEMG (%) | ±87.04 | ±8.75 | ±83.14 | ±8.59 | ±89.18 | ±5.16 | |||||||||
VM_peak | 82.68 | 89.68 | 0.201 | 0.74 | (−18.59 to 4.59) | 86.08 | 78.84 | 0.298 | 0.85 | (−9.59 to 24.05) | 87.44 | 86.78 | 0.855 | 0.07 | (−7.52 to 8.83) |
actEMG (%) | ±82.68 | ±8.77 | ±86.08 | ±7.34 | ±87.44 | ±7.43 | |||||||||
GMax_peak | 85.83 | 89.27 | 0.642 | 0.36 | (−22.50 to 15.61) | 86.02 | 94.37 | 0.043 * | 1.21 | (−18.12 to 1.42) | 90.08 | 88.09 | 0.502 | 0.31 | (−4.67 to 8.67) |
actEMG (%) | ±85.83 | ±4.97 | ±86.02 | ±4.67 | ±90.08 | ±6.38 | |||||||||
Gm_peak | 92.27 | 85.17 | 0.126 | 1.03 | (−3.11 to 17.31) | 92.92 | 91.59 | 0.663 | 0.30 | (−6.52 to 9.18) | 88.04 | 91.08 | 0.411 | 0.49 | (−11.25 to 5.17) |
actEMG (%) | ±92.27 | ±9.05 | ±92.92 | ±4.86 | ±88.04 | ±6.16 |
ACL INJURED DOMINANT LIMB (ACL_DL) | ACL INJURED NO DOMINANT LIMB (ACL_NDL) | NO INJURED (NI) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DL | NDL | p Value | Cohen’s d | Confidence Interval 95% | DL | NDL | p Value | Cohen’s d | Confidence Interval 95% | DL | NDL | p Value | Cohen’s d | Confidence Interval 95% | |
(Injured) | (No Injured) | (No Injured) | (Injured) | ||||||||||||
Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | ||||||||||
± SD | ± SD | ± SD | ± SD | ± SD | ± SD | ||||||||||
BF_average | 57.64 | 57.68 | 0.984 | 0.01 | (−4.32 to 4.24) | 51.17 | 49.49 | 0.851 | 0.15 | (−21.64 to 25.00) | 63.60 | 60.56 | 0.525 | 0.29 | (−7.72 to 13.80) |
actEMG (%) | ±57.64 | ±6.27 | ±51.17 | ±10.01 | ±63.60 | ±5.28 | |||||||||
ST_average | 48.57 | 54.23 | 0.311 | 0.43 | (−17.73 to 6.41) | 52.30 | 54.77 | 0.73 | 0.17 | (−20.99 to 16.05) | 60.21 | 53.55 | 0.215 | 0.57 | (−4.89 to 18.20) |
actEMG (%) | ±48.57 | ±9.75 | ±52.30 | ±10.99 | ±60.21 | ±6.38 | |||||||||
VL_average | 58.95 | 54.63 | 0.184 | 0.63 | (−2.53 to 11.18) | 51.12 | 55.57 | 0.175 | 0.43 | (−11.95 to 3.06) | 55.97 | 57.92 | 0.749 | 0.19 | (−15.81 to 11.91) |
actEMG (%) | ±58.95 | ±6.50 | ±51.12 | ±8.25 | ±55.97 | ±7.76 | |||||||||
VM_average | 54.13 | 54.20 | 0.991 | 0.01 | (−11.86 to 11.73) | 52.80 | 47.07 | 0.472 | 0.49 | (−14.31 to 25.76) | 53.94 | 51.83 | 0.760 | 0.15 | (−13.53 to 17.73) |
actEMG (%) | ±54.13 | ±5.89 | ±52.80 | ±15.42 | ±53.94 | ±10.47 | |||||||||
GMax_average | 47.33 | 54.44 | 0.347 | 0.81 | (−25.65 to 11.43) | 53.40 | 59.82 | 0.090 | 0.91 | (−14.41 to 1.57) | 55.83 | 52.25 | 0.501 | 0.41 | (−8.35 to 15.51) |
actEMG (%) | ±47.33 | ±6.36 | ±53.40 | ±5.54 | ±55.83 | ±5.66 | |||||||||
Gm_average | 59.51 | 52.30 | 0.202 | 0.93 | (−5.93 to 20.36) | 57.25 | 60.09 | 0.404 | 0.51 | (−11.30 to 5.62) | 58.57 | 60.02 | 0.829 | 0.10 | (−16.69 to 13.80) |
actEMG (%) | ±59.51 | ±10.86 | ±57.25 | ±5.37 | ±58.57 | ±8.34 |
ACL INJURED DOMINANT LIMB (ACL_DL) | ACL INJURED NO DOMINANT LIMB (ACL_NDL) | NO INJURED (NI) | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DL | NDL | p-Value | Cohen’s d | Confidence Interval 95% | DL | NDL | p-Value | Cohen’s d | Confidence Interval 95% | DL | NDL | p-Value | Cohen’s d | Confidence Interval 95% | |
(Injured) | (No Injured) | (No Injured) | (Injured) | ||||||||||||
Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | Mean | ||||||||||
± SD | ± SD | ± SD | ± SD | ± SD | ± SD | ||||||||||
H_peak_ | 1.55 | 1.50 | 0.720 | 0.12 | (−0.29 to 0.40) | 1.72 | 1.25 | 0.011 * | 0.56 | (0.18 to 0.77) | 1.50 | 1.47 | 0.770 | 0.05 | (−0.19 to 0.25) |
Torque (Nm/kg) | ±1.55 | ±0.39 | ±1.72 | ±0.91 | ±1.50 | ±0.57 | |||||||||
Q_peak_ | 2.86 | 2.55 | 0.138 | 0.63 | (−0.12 to 0.73) | 2.92 | 2.54 | 0.270 | 0.32 | (−0.45 to 1.21) | 2.69 | 2.50 | 0.017 * | 0.18 | (0.04 to 0.32) |
Torque (Nm/kg) | ±2.86 | ±0.53 | ±2.92 | ±0.97 | ±2.69 | ±1.08 | |||||||||
GMax_peak_ | 3.15 | 2.34 | 0.066 | 0.83 | (−0.07 to 1.70) | 2.67 | 2.71 | 0.877 | 0.04 | (−0.60 to 0.54) | 2.93 | 2.99 | 0.865 | 0.05 | (−0.78 to 0.67) |
Torque (Nm/kg) | ±3.15 | ±1.09 | ±2.67 | ±0.93 | ±2.93 | ±1.10 | |||||||||
Gm_peak_ | 2.22 | 1.80 | 0.245 | 0.47 | (−0.37 to 1.20) | 1.77 | 1.78 | 0.984 | 0.01 | (−0.80 to 0.79) | 1.61 | 1.52 | 0.305 | 0.14 | (−0.11 to 0.30) |
Torque (Nm/kg) | ±2.22 | ±1.07 | ±1.77 | ±0.78 | ±1.61 | ±0.68 |
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Ferrández-Laliena, L.; Sánchez-Rodríguez, R.; Vicente-Pina, L.; Lucha-López, M.O.; Ambrus, M.; Hidalgo-García, C.; Monti-Ballano, S.; Tricás-Moreno, J.M. Comparative Analysis of Neuromuscular Activation Patterns Associated with Force between Semi-Professional Female Soccer Players with Previous Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery and Healthy Players in Thigh Musculature Related to Valgus Collapse. Appl. Sci. 2024, 14, 6869. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14166869
Ferrández-Laliena L, Sánchez-Rodríguez R, Vicente-Pina L, Lucha-López MO, Ambrus M, Hidalgo-García C, Monti-Ballano S, Tricás-Moreno JM. Comparative Analysis of Neuromuscular Activation Patterns Associated with Force between Semi-Professional Female Soccer Players with Previous Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery and Healthy Players in Thigh Musculature Related to Valgus Collapse. Applied Sciences. 2024; 14(16):6869. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14166869
Chicago/Turabian StyleFerrández-Laliena, Loreto, Rocío Sánchez-Rodríguez, Lucía Vicente-Pina, María Orosia Lucha-López, Mira Ambrus, César Hidalgo-García, Sofía Monti-Ballano, and José Miguel Tricás-Moreno. 2024. "Comparative Analysis of Neuromuscular Activation Patterns Associated with Force between Semi-Professional Female Soccer Players with Previous Anterior Cruciate Ligament Surgery and Healthy Players in Thigh Musculature Related to Valgus Collapse" Applied Sciences 14, no. 16: 6869. https://doi.org/10.3390/app14166869