Buildup Factor Computation and Percentage Depth Dose Simulation of Tissue Mimicking Materials for an External Photon Beam (0.15–15 MeV)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. PDD Simulation
2.2. BUF Computation
2.3. Analysis Procedure
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Adipose Tissue
- PDD distribution: Figure 3 shows the Geant4-simulated percentage depth dose distributions for the five studied tissues for a cm field size for a 6 MV photon beam. The PDD distribution is a function of depth, field size and SSD and can be characterized by the surface dose (d0(%)), depth of maximum dose (dmax(cm)) 80% dose (d80%(cm)), and dose at depth of 10 cm (d10cm(%)) and 20 cm (d20cm(%)). We can see a fast increase followed by a slower decrease after reaching the maximum photon absorption. The first region is caused by the backscattering dominance, whereas the second region simply describes the exponential attenuation of photons through matter;
- Photon energy effect: The incident photon energy dependence of adipose tissue BUF for fixed penetrations of 0.5, 5, 15, 25 and 40 mfp is shown in Figure 4 (left side). For each penetration depth, BUF continuously decreased as a function of energy. In order to understand such phenomena, the studied energy interval can be divided into two subintervals: from 0.15 to 1 MeV corresponding to the Compton process domination and from 1 to 15 MeV, where the pair production effect is dominant. The large value of the BUF at the beginning of each curve can be explained by the multiple Coulomb scattering, which only attenuates and does not totally absorb the photon energy, existing for a longer time in the medium. Similarly to the photoelectric effect, resulting in lower BUF values due to the total energy absorption, the second energy interval is mainly dominated by the pair production process;
- Penetration depth effect: Figure 4 (right side) shows the dependence of BUF on penetration depth dependence for fixed photon energies of 0.2, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 5, 10 and 15 MeV for adipose tissue. Generally, increased BUF values for deeper penetrations were observed. However, the increasing rate of BUF (comparing 0.5 to 40 mfp range edges) is inversely proportional to photon energies. Additionally, we can see the contribution effect of secondary photons to BUF due to the multiple scattering effect, which reaches a maximum at 1 MeV;
- Chemical composition effect: A major effect on the BUF magnitude is caused by the difference in the chemical compositions of adipose tissue and the equivalent candidate materials. Figure 5 shows the relative BUF deviations of AD1, AD2 and AD3 to adipose tissue as a function of energy at fixed penetrations of 0.5, 15 and 40 mfp and as a function of mfp at selected photon energies (0.5, 5 and 15 MeV). According to the photon energy region, the magnitude of the build-up factor and its dependence on vary. As the relative deviation of BUFs are given in terms of delta(%) = 100 × (1 − BUF(Material)/BUF(Adipose)) in Figure 5, we have:BUF(AD2) > BUF(AD1) > BUF(Adipose) > BUF(AD3), and from Table 1, we have (AD2) < (AD1) < (Adipose) < (AD3), which confirms the theoretical hypothesis that BUF and are inversely proportional;
- TEM study: Based on the relative difference between the radiological properties of tissues and mimicking material candidates in % for BUF, , , , , , d0 and dmax and in cm for d80, d10cm and d20cm listed in Table 3 and plotted in Figure 5, we can see the close similarity of the AD1 candidate to adipose tissue. Moreover, the substitute AD2 seems to be closer to adipose tissue when looking for other parameters than BUF and . However, the discrepancy of AD3 compared to adipose tissue was seen for many parameters. Therefore, AD1 can be an acceptable TMM for adipose for the actual photon energy range.
3.2. Cortical Bone Tissue
3.3. Fat Tissue
3.4. Lung Tissue
3.5. Muscle Tissue
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
GP | Geometric progression |
BUF | Buildup factor |
AD1 | AP6 |
AD2 | Ethoxyethanol |
AD3 | Polyethylene |
CB1 | Aluminum |
CB2 | P.V.C. |
CB3 | SB3 |
CB4 | Teflon |
CB5 | Witt liquid |
FA1 | Alderson fat |
FA2 | FT1 |
FA3 | Glycerol trioleate |
LU1 | Alderson lung |
LU2 | LN1 |
LU3 | Stacey latex |
MU1 | Alderson muscle 1 |
MU2 | Alderson muscle 2 |
MU3 | Bakelite |
MU4 | Goodman liquid |
MU5 | Lexan |
MU6 | M3 |
MU7 | Mix D |
MU8 | MS15 |
MU9 | MS20 |
MU10 | Nylon-6 |
MU11 | Paraffin wax |
MU12 | Perspex |
MU13 | Polystyrene |
MU14 | Shonka plastic |
MU15 | Temex |
MU16 | Water |
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Material | Elemental Composition | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
0.5 | 5 | 15 | ||
Adipose | H(12.001), C(64.005), N(0.800), O(22.902), Na(0.050), Mg(0.002) | 6.67 | 5.374 | 5.348 |
P(0.016), S(0.070), Cl(0.120), K(0.030), Ca(0.002), Fe(0.002) | ||||
AD1 | H(8.359), C(69.133), N(2.360), O(16.938), F(3.070), Cl(0.140) | 6.713 | 5.656 | 5.619 |
AD2 | H(11.180), C(53.310), O(35.510) | 6.914 | 5.635 | 5.597 |
AD3 | H(14.370), C(85.630) | 5.928 | 4.742 | 4.705 |
Bone | H(3.392), C(15.509), N(3.972), O(44.128), Na(0.060), Mg(0.210) | 14.08 | 10.49 | 10.44 |
P(10.206), S(0.310), Ca(22.213) | ||||
CB1 | Al(100.000) | 13 | 13 | 13 |
CB2 | H(4.840), C(38.436), Cl(56.724) | 14.51 | 11.38 | 11.32 |
CB3 | H(3.100), C(31.260), N(0.990), O(37.570), Cl(0.050), Ca(27.030) | 14.27 | 10.11 | 10.06 |
CB4 | C(24.020), F(75.980) | 8.653 | 8.251 | 8.243 |
CB5 | H(4.686), O(56.630), P(10.867), K(27.817) | 14.11 | 10.94 | 10.88 |
Fat | H(12.210), C(76.080), O(11.710) | 6.007 | 5.127 | 5.111 |
FA1 | H(14.369), C(85.607), O(0.004), Sb(0.020) | 6.382 | 4.749 | 4.71 |
FA2 | H(11.701), Li(3.48)), C(72.748), O(12.071) | 6.775 | 5.09 | 5.076 |
FA3 | H(11.840), C(77.320), O(10.840) | 6.774 | 5.141 | 5.126 |
Lung | H(10.134), C(10.237), N(2.866), O(75.752), Na(0.184), Mg(0.007) | 8.153 | 6.576 | 6.547 |
Al(0.001), P(0.082), S(0.225), Cl(0.266), K(0.194), Ca(0.010) | ||||
Fe(0.041), Zn(0.001) | ||||
LU1 | H(5.741), C(73.947), N(2.010), O(18.142), Sb(0.160) | 9.129 | 5.873 | 5.821 |
LU2 | H(6.000), C(51.440), N(4.290), O(30.720), Al(7.550) | 8.231 | 6.536 | 6.511 |
LU3 | H(10.100), B(8)), C(79.200), O(0.120), S(1.910), Zn(0.670) | 8.843 | 5.325 | 5.298 |
Muscle | H(10.200), C(12.300), N(3.500), O(72.893), Na(0.080) | 8.075 | 6.534 | 6.506 |
Mg(0.020), P(0.200), S(0.500), K(0.300), Ca(0.007) | ||||
MU1 | H(8.830), C(64.450), N(4.050), O(20.350), Cl(2.240), Sb(0.080) | 8.908 | 5.843 | 5.79 |
MU2 | H(8.871), C(66.817), N(3.100), O(21.132), Sb(0.080) | 8.037 | 5.63 | 5.593 |
MU3 | H(5.740), C(77.460), O(16.800) | 6.438 | 5.771 | 5.73 |
MU4 | H(10.200), C(12.010), N(3.540), O(74.250) | 7.505 | 6.459 | 6.435 |
MU5 | H(5.549), C(75.573), O(18.878) | 6.526 | 5.827 | 5.783 |
MU6 | H(11.430), C(65.580), O(9.220), Mg(13.480), Ca(0.290) | 8.287 | 5.891 | 5.833 |
MU7 | H(13.401), C(77.799), O(3.500), Mg(3.860), Ti(1.440) | 8.436 | 5.274 | 5.247 |
MU8 | H(9.750), C(63.160), N(0.940), O(16.020), Al(9.600), Cl(0.530) | 8.437 | 6.06 | 6.045 |
MU9 | H(8.119), C(58.344), N(1.780), O(18.638), Mg(13.029), Cl(0.090) | 8.316 | 6.338 | 6.317 |
MU10 | H(9.799), C(63.683), N(12.379), O(14.139) | 6.364 | 5.48 | 5.452 |
MU11 | H(14.860), C(85.140) | 5.902 | 4.706 | 4.67 |
MU12 | H(8.051), C(59.986), O(31.963) | 6.918 | 5.843 | 5.796 |
MU13 | H(7.74), C(92.26) | 6.301 | 5.284 | 5.267 |
MU14 | H(10.2), C(76.8), N(3.6), O(5.9), F(1.7), Ca(1.8) | 8.043 | 5.489 | 5.456 |
MU15 | H(9.654), C(87.489), N(0.06), O(0.473), S(1.539) | 8.42 | 5.407 | 5.377 |
Ti(0.332), Zn(0.453) | ||||
MU16 | H(11.19), O(88.81) | 7.72 | 6.505 | 6.478 |
0.15 | 0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 0.5 | 1 | 1.5 | 2 | 3 | 5 | 10 | 15 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adipose | a | −0.222 | −0.217 | −0.190 | −0.172 | −0.154 | −0.100 | −0.077 | −0.048 | −0.016 | 0.018 | 0.041 | 0.047 |
b | 4.117 | 3.517 | 3.022 | 2.746 | 2.575 | 381.555 | 2.046 | 1.931 | 1.772 | 1.590 | 1.379 | 1.282 | |
c | 2.600 | 2.507 | 2.230 | 2.047 | 1.890 | 1.496 | 1.345 | 1.204 | 1.065 | 0.935 | 0.854 | 0.834 | |
d | 0.099 | 0.095 | 0.082 | 0.073 | 0.067 | 0.046 | 0.041 | 0.025 | 0.009 | −0.010 | −0.019 | −0.026 | |
14.121 | 13.923 | 14.174 | 13.864 | 14.149 | 13.909 | 13.740 | 14.253 | 12.433 | 14.772 | 13.016 | 14.469 | ||
6.626 | 6.640 | 6.658 | 6.662 | 6.670 | 6.664 | 5.428 | 5.394 | 5.383 | 5.374 | 5.362 | 5.348 | ||
0.151 | 0.137 | 0.119 | 0.107 | 0.097 | 0.071 | 0.058 | 0.050 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 0.021 | 0.018 | ||
0.027 | 0.030 | 0.032 | 0.033 | 0.033 | 0.031 | 0.029 | 0.026 | 0.023 | 0.019 | 0.015 | 0.014 | ||
2.999 | 2.991 | 2.987 | 2.985 | 2.984 | 2.983 | 2.985 | 2.991 | 3.014 | 3.073 | 3.242 | 3.397 | ||
1.546 | 1.542 | 1.540 | 1.539 | 1.539 | 1.538 | 1.539 | 1.542 | 1.554 | 1.585 | 1.671 | 1.751 | ||
Bone | a | −0.041 | −0.056 | −0.078 | −0.081 | −0.080 | −0.063 | −0.049 | −0.034 | −0.011 | 0.016 | 0.042 | 0.062 |
b | 2.722 | 2.661 | 2.482 | 2.353 | 2.250 | 1.978 | 1.874 | 1.798 | 1.687 | 1.539 | 1.349 | 1.263 | |
c | 1.266 | 1.365 | 1.468 | 1.471 | 1.453 | 1.323 | 1.234 | 1.155 | 1.056 | 0.955 | 0.875 | 0.826 | |
d | −0.007 | −0.006 | 0.014 | 0.016 | 0.018 | 0.019 | 0.017 | 0.012 | 0.001 | −0.019 | −0.032 | −0.053 | |
10.507 | 7.952 | 16.942 | 15.907 | 16.301 | 15.937 | 14.926 | 14.499 | 10.770 | 15.083 | 13.319 | 14.462 | ||
14.088 | 14.172 | 14.022 | 14.063 | 14.082 | 14.102 | 11.402 | 10.753 | 10.572 | 10.486 | 10.449 | 10.437 | ||
0.148 | 0.131 | 0.111 | 0.099 | 0.090 | 0.066 | 0.053 | 0.046 | 0.037 | 0.029 | 0.023 | 0.021 | ||
0.032 | 0.030 | 0.030 | 0.031 | 0.031 | 0.029 | 0.026 | 0.024 | 0.021 | 0.019 | 0.016 | 0.016 | ||
6.258 | 6.122 | 6.041 | 6.015 | 6.004 | 5.990 | 5.994 | 6.019 | 6.102 | 6.315 | 6.860 | 7.300 | ||
1.733 | 1.696 | 1.673 | 1.666 | 1.663 | 1.659 | 1.660 | 1.667 | 1.690 | 1.749 | 1.900 | 2.022 | ||
Fat | a | −0.217 | −0.213 | −0.211 | −0.192 | −0.171 | −0.110 | −0.081 | −0.049 | −0.017 | 0.018 | 0.041 | 0.048 |
b | 4.062 | 3.471 | 3.147 | 2.842 | 2.656 | 1191.250 | 2.064 | 1.946 | 1.780 | 1.596 | 1.382 | 1.285 | |
c | 2.545 | 2.470 | 2.412 | 2.196 | 2.010 | 1.544 | 1.361 | 1.210 | 1.067 | 0.934 | 0.853 | 0.831 | |
d | 0.097 | 0.093 | 0.094 | 0.080 | 0.079 | 0.053 | 0.045 | 0.027 | 0.010 | −0.010 | −0.018 | −0.025 | |
14.117 | 13.694 | 14.409 | 13.472 | 14.190 | 13.780 | 13.764 | 14.372 | 12.632 | 14.888 | 13.289 | 14.154 | ||
6.763 | 6.774 | 6.002 | 6.004 | 6.007 | 6.001 | 5.162 | 5.140 | 5.132 | 5.127 | 5.121 | 5.111 | ||
0.151 | 0.138 | 0.119 | 0.107 | 0.098 | 0.071 | 0.058 | 0.050 | 0.040 | 0.030 | 0.021 | 0.018 | ||
0.027 | 0.030 | 0.032 | 0.033 | 0.033 | 0.031 | 0.029 | 0.026 | 0.023 | 0.019 | 0.015 | 0.013 | ||
2.931 | 2.925 | 2.922 | 2.920 | 2.920 | 2.919 | 2.920 | 2.926 | 2.947 | 3.000 | 3.153 | 3.294 | ||
1.585 | 1.582 | 1.580 | 1.580 | 1.579 | 1.579 | 1.579 | 1.583 | 1.594 | 1.623 | 1.705 | 1.782 | ||
Lung | a | −0.161 | −0.167 | −0.152 | −0.139 | −0.126 | −0.083 | −0.061 | −0.041 | −0.014 | 0.018 | 0.039 | 0.047 |
b | 3.856 | 3.307 | 2.859 | 2.621 | 2.468 | 2.093 | 1.981 | 1.873 | 1.731 | 1.567 | 1.366 | 1.273 | |
c | 2.054 | 2.073 | 1.932 | 1.815 | 1.713 | 1.414 | 1.282 | 1.182 | 1.060 | 0.940 | 0.865 | 0.841 | |
d | 0.063 | 0.066 | 0.058 | 0.053 | 0.048 | 0.033 | 0.027 | 0.019 | 0.005 | −0.012 | −0.022 | −0.032 | |
14.487 | 14.052 | 14.196 | 14.240 | 14.239 | 14.432 | 14.473 | 13.965 | 13.183 | 13.953 | 13.409 | 15.140 | ||
8.079 | 8.093 | 8.128 | 8.144 | 8.153 | 8.156 | 6.682 | 6.608 | 6.592 | 6.576 | 6.550 | 6.547 | ||
0.149 | 0.136 | 0.118 | 0.105 | 0.096 | 0.070 | 0.057 | 0.049 | 0.039 | 0.030 | 0.022 | 0.019 | ||
0.027 | 0.029 | 0.032 | 0.032 | 0.033 | 0.031 | 0.028 | 0.026 | 0.023 | 0.019 | 0.016 | 0.014 | ||
3.493 | 3.479 | 3.470 | 3.466 | 3.465 | 3.464 | 3.465 | 3.476 | 3.510 | 3.599 | 3.847 | 4.071 | ||
1.482 | 1.476 | 1.473 | 1.471 | 1.470 | 1.470 | 1.470 | 1.475 | 1.489 | 1.527 | 1.632 | 1.727 | ||
Muscle | a | −0.163 | −0.168 | −0.153 | −0.140 | −0.127 | −0.084 | −0.062 | −0.042 | −0.014 | 0.018 | 0.039 | 0.047 |
b | 3.874 | 3.317 | 2.866 | 2.625 | 2.471 | 2.096 | 1.983 | 1.875 | 1.733 | 1.568 | 1.367 | 1.273 | |
c | 2.067 | 2.086 | 1.941 | 1.822 | 1.718 | 1.416 | 1.284 | 1.183 | 1.060 | 0.940 | 0.865 | 0.841 | |
d | 0.064 | 0.067 | 0.059 | 0.054 | 0.048 | 0.033 | 0.028 | 0.019 | 0.005 | −0.012 | −0.021 | −0.032 | |
14.481 | 14.035 | 14.198 | 14.214 | 14.219 | 14.390 | 14.423 | 13.967 | 13.099 | 13.991 | 13.333 | 15.149 | ||
8.010 | 8.022 | 8.053 | 8.067 | 8.075 | 8.076 | 6.637 | 6.564 | 6.549 | 6.534 | 6.509 | 6.506 | ||
0.149 | 0.136 | 0.118 | 0.105 | 0.096 | 0.070 | 0.057 | 0.049 | 0.039 | 0.030 | 0.022 | 0.019 | ||
0.027 | 0.029 | 0.032 | 0.032 | 0.033 | 0.031 | 0.028 | 0.026 | 0.023 | 0.019 | 0.016 | 0.014 | ||
3.471 | 3.458 | 3.450 | 3.446 | 3.444 | 3.443 | 3.444 | 3.455 | 3.488 | 3.576 | 3.822 | 4.043 | ||
1.483 | 1.477 | 1.473 | 1.472 | 1.471 | 1.471 | 1.471 | 1.476 | 1.490 | 1.527 | 1.632 | 1.727 |
Tissue | Material | BUF | d0(%) | dmax(cm) | d80%(cm) | d10cm(%) | d20cm(%) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Adipose | AD1 | 1.9 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 3.1 | 17.0 | 13.3 | 1.6 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 2.0 |
AD2 | 8.0 | 4.3 | 0.6 | 0.6 | 4.9 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 0.0 | −0.1 | 0.1 | 0.0 | |
AD3 | 26.0 | 11.5 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 10.8 | 0.3 | 0.8 | 0.0 | −0.1 | 1.1 | 2.0 | |
Bone | CB1 | 6.9 | 15.6 | 5.0 | 5.5 | 108.5 | 68.0 | 23.6 | −0.3 | -1.1 | 19.1 | 33.9 |
CB2 | 4.2 | 5.7 | 0.7 | 0.9 | 9.6 | 20.7 | 14.3 | 0.2 | 1.2 | 15.6 | 33.2 | |
CB3 | 0.6 | 2.3 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 2.1 | 2.4 | 1.1 | 0.1 | −0.2 | 0.0 | 0.3 | |
CB4 | 78.8 | 29.9 | 8.9 | 9.9 | 28.6 | 61.4 | 0.5 | 0.1 | −0.3 | 2.5 | 6.7 | |
CB5 | 0.6 | 2.4 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 5.8 | 12.3 | 2.4 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 3.0 | 5.7 | |
Fat | FA1 | 10.8 | 7.1 | 1.5 | 1.6 | 8.7 | 2.7 | 0.0 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 2.3 | 0.6 |
FA2 | 9.9 | 4.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.4 | 1.4 | 2.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 1.9 | 1.0 | |
FA3 | 9.8 | 4.7 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 1.3 | 1.3 | 0.4 | 0.2 | 0.0 | 0.5 | 0.2 | |
Lung | LU1 | 5.7 | 11.2 | 4.6 | 4.5 | 14.8 | 32.3 | 6.5 | 0.4 | -1.3 | 2.6 | 5.7 |
LU2 | 0.5 | 0.8 | 4.0 | 4.0 | 18.8 | 22.3 | 7.3 | 0.5 | −0.2 | 0.2 | 0.4 | |
LU3 | 4.8 | 13.5 | 1.8 | 1.8 | 10.2 | 10.3 | 7.3 | 1.2 | −0.1 | 0.4 | 0.0 | |
Muscle | MU1 | 4.3 | 9.8 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 0.6 | 11.8 | 2.3 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 3.1 | 0.2 |
MU2 | 2.1 | 8.0 | 2.0 | 2.1 | 1.5 | 15.4 | 4.2 | −0.2 | 0.0 | 2.1 | 0.8 | |
MU3 | 28.4 | 15.7 | 4.7 | 4.8 | 14.8 | 34.4 | 8.4 | 0.0 | −0.7 | 7.2 | 12.0 | |
MU4 | 6.1 | 3.9 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 1.0 | 2.3 | −0.4 | −0.4 | 4.4 | 4.6 | |
MU5 | 25.7 | 14.8 | 4.8 | 5.0 | 16.5 | 35.2 | 6.9 | 0.1 | −0.7 | 5.6 | 9.3 | |
MU6 | 1.8 | 6.4 | 0.8 | 0.9 | 10.3 | 1.6 | 1.9 | 0.0 | 0.0 | 2.0 | 2.1 | |
MU7 | 3.3 | 12.0 | 2.2 | 2.3 | 19.1 | 2.2 | 1.9 | −0.3 | −0.1 | 1.9 | 1.7 | |
MU8 | 2.4 | 5.8 | 1.2 | 1.2 | 3.4 | 3.5 | 2.7 | 0.2 | 0.1 | 3.2 | 1.3 | |
MU9 | 1.5 | 2.9 | 2.2 | 2.2 | 5.8 | 10.3 | 2.7 | −0.2 | 0.1 | 1.7 | 0.2 | |
MU10 | 31.2 | 18.5 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 5.9 | 12.9 | 15.6 | −0.6 | −1.3 | 11.1 | 21.7 | |
MU11 | 50.6 | 27.5 | 3.2 | 3.3 | 24.4 | 2.8 | 7.6 | −0.2 | 0.3 | 0.4 | 3.2 | |
MU12 | 15.4 | 12.4 | 2.6 | 2.7 | 3.8 | 18.0 | 5.0 | −0.1 | −0.3 | 6.3 | 8.6 | |
MU13 | 33.6 | 20.5 | 3.4 | 3.6 | 1.6 | 27.0 | 0.8 | 0.3 | 0.0 | 1.7 | 1.5 | |
MU14 | 2.5 | 8.8 | 1.1 | 1.1 | 8.2 | 9.5 | 3.1 | −0.1 | −0.3 | 3.9 | 7.8 | |
MU15 | 2.9 | 10.8 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 7.0 | 12.6 | 1.9 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 1.6 | 0.6 | |
MU16 | 3.5 | 2.3 | 1.6 | 1.6 | 6.5 | 7.1 | 0.8 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 1.3 | 0.8 |
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Kadri, O.; Alfuraih, A. Buildup Factor Computation and Percentage Depth Dose Simulation of Tissue Mimicking Materials for an External Photon Beam (0.15–15 MeV). Appl. Sci. 2022, 12, 4250. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12094250
Kadri O, Alfuraih A. Buildup Factor Computation and Percentage Depth Dose Simulation of Tissue Mimicking Materials for an External Photon Beam (0.15–15 MeV). Applied Sciences. 2022; 12(9):4250. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12094250
Chicago/Turabian StyleKadri, Omrane, and Abdulrahman Alfuraih. 2022. "Buildup Factor Computation and Percentage Depth Dose Simulation of Tissue Mimicking Materials for an External Photon Beam (0.15–15 MeV)" Applied Sciences 12, no. 9: 4250. https://doi.org/10.3390/app12094250