Evaluation of Non-Conventional Biological and Molecular Parameters as Potential Indicators of Quality and Functionality of Urban Biosolids Used as Organic Amendments of Agricultural Soils
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Production, Sampling and Status of Biosolids
2.2. Physicochemical Characterisation of Biosolids and Obtaining FTIR Spectra
2.3. Biological Characterisation and Enzymatic Profile of Biosolids
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Physicochemical Characterisation of Biosolids
3.2. Characteristics of the FTIR Spectrum of Biosolids
3.3. Biological Characterisation of Biosolids
3.4. Extracellular Enzyme Profiles per API ZYM® Kit for Biosolids
3.5. Relationship between Biological and Physicochemical Parameters and Nutrient Content
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Value * | MPL of Contaminants in Biosolids | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Mexico | EE. UU. | E.U. | ||
Fecal coliforms (MPN g−1) | 210,000 | <2,000,000 | <2,000,000 | N.R. |
Salmonella sp. (MPN g−1) | <3 | <300 | <4 | N.R. |
Helminth Eggs (eggs g−1) | <1 | <35 | <1 | N.R. |
As (mg kg−1) | 1.81 | 75 | 41 | N.R. |
Cd (mg kg−1) | 7.41 | 85 | 39 | 20–40 |
Cu (mg kg−1) | 107.28 | 4300 | 1500 | 1000–1750 |
Cr (mg kg−1) | 28.46 | 3000 | N.R. | N.R. |
Hg (mg kg−1) | 1.03 | 840 | 17 | 16–25 |
Ni (mg kg−1) | 30.19 | 57 | 420 | 300–400 |
Pb (mg kg−1) | 38.19 | 420 | 300 | 750–1200 |
Zn (mg kg−1) | 707.95 | 7500 | 2800 | 2500–4000 |
Parameters | Biosolids Analysed for Each Season of the Year | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter | |
pH | 6.10 ± 0.17 a | 6.20 ± 0.40 a | 6.17 ± 0.17 a | 6.41±0.83 a |
EC (dS m−1) | 5.71 ± 1.93 a | 3.38 ± 1.25 a, b | 1.60 ± 0.01 b | 1.65 ± 0.18 b |
TOC (%) | 37.25 ± 4.37 c | 57.94 ± 1.25 a | 50.25 ± 0.96 b | 36.90 ± 1.17 c |
TN (%) | 6.67 ± 0.98 a | 6.78 ± 0.82 a | 6.59 ± 0.47 a | 6.35 ± 0.42 a |
C/N | 5.64 ± 0.78 b | 8.64 ± 1.18 a | 7.65 ± 0.56 a, b | 5.83 ± 1.38 b |
P (%) | 2.65 ± 0.17 a | 1.48 ± 0.14 b | 1.76 ± 0.03 b | 2.28 ± 0.13 a |
K (%) | 1.09 ± 0.12 a | 0.69 ± 0.07 b, c | 0.59 ± 0.03 c | 0.86 ± 0.04 b |
Fe (g kg−1) ͳ | 16.10 ± 0.40 c | 39.28 ± 1.77 a | 20.43 ± 0.59 b | 17.34 ± 1.91 c |
B (mg kg−1) ͳ | 143.33 ± 12.01 b | 145.00 ± 8.00 b | 172.62 ± 2.13 a | 122.41 ± 8.41 b |
Mn (mg kg−1) ͳ | 130.00 ± 8.00 c | 215.62 ± 7.39 a | 166.30 ± 4.59 b | 126.85 ± 7.56 c |
Zn (mg kg−1) ͳ | 778.67 ± 13.50 b | 635.65 ± 10.55 c | 602.76 ± 2.34 d | 813.51 ± 10.58 b |
Cu (mg kg−1) ͳ | 133.64 ± 12.01 a | 112.39 ± 5.56 b | 95.22 ± 2.84 b | 132.42 ± 5.64 a |
Parameters | Biosolids Analysed for Each Season of the Year | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter | |
MBC (mg Cmic kg−1) ͳ | 966.6 ± 46.4 b | 1251.9 ± 134 a | 1149 ± 115 a,b | 587.2 ± 76.7 c |
MBN (mg Nmic kg−1) ͳ | 84.25 ± 10.6 b | 109.3 ± 1.4 b | 304.7 ± 32.9 a | 119.0 ±20.1 b |
Cmic/Nmic | 11.66 ± 2.09 a | 11.46 ± 1.32 a | 3.82 ± 0.77 b | 5.07 ± 1.32 b |
DSH (mg INF * kg−1 h−1) ͳ | 2631.8 ± 147 a | 2209.5 ± 119 a | 2426.1 ± 230 a | 2277.6 ± 225 a |
FDA (mg F ** kg−1 h−1) ͳ | 342.7 ± 40.0 b | 279.7 ± 30.0 b | 437.96 ± 44.2 a | 368.6 ± 24 a, b |
DSH/FDA (mg INF mg−1 F *) | 7.78 ± 1.35 a | 7.99 ± 1.26 a | 5.55 ± 0.22 a | 6.21 ± 0.84 a |
URS (mg N-NH4+ kg−1 h−1) ͳ | 186.0 ± 17.1 a | 194.5 ± 23.0 a | 109.8 ± 7.7 b | 186.5 ±13.7 a |
qCO2 (mg C-CO2 g−1 Cmic d−1) | 157.95 ± 7.40 b | 124.31 ± 13.5 b | 115.42 ± 11.6 b | 270.19 ± 32.9 a |
qFDA (mg F ** g−1 Cmic h−1) | 356.27 ± 56.7 b | 223.27 ± 4.84 b | 381.57 ± 26.9 b | 636.39 ± 106 a |
Parameters | Biosolids Analysed for Each Season of the Year | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Spring | Summer | Autumn | Winter | |
H’ | 2.61 ± 0.08 a | 2.78 ± 0.17 a | 2.46 ± 0.12 a | 2.60 ± 0.10 a |
* SEI | 293.3 ± 63.3 b | 488.3 ± 115.6 a | 311.7 ± 36.9 a, b | 331.7 ± 40.7 a, b |
Parameters | Correlation Coefficient (r2) | Parameters | Correlation Coefficient (r2) |
---|---|---|---|
MBC | FDA Activity | ||
TOC | 0.798 ** | Fe | −0.585 * |
C/N | 0.643 * | URS | −0.643 * |
P | −0.585 * | H’ | −0.832 *** |
Fe | 0.646 * | ||
B | 0.693 * | URS Activity | |
Mn | 0.748 ** | K | 0.578 * |
Zn | −0.823 *** | B | −0.702 ** |
Cu | −0.631 * | Cu | 0.637 * |
qCO2 | −0.957 *** | H’ | 0.714 ** |
qFDA | −0.899 *** | ||
qCO2 | |||
MBN | COT | −0.692 * | |
K | −0.707 ** | B | −0.798 ** |
B | 0.753 ** | Mn | −0.624 * |
Zn | −0.660 * | Zn | 0.810 *** |
Cu | −0.791 ** | Cu | 0.650 * |
Cmic/Nmic | −0.729 ** | qFDA | 0.892 *** |
FDA activity | 0.723 ** | ||
URS activity | −0.900 *** | qFDA | |
H’ | −0.701 ** | TOC | 0.712 ** |
C/N | −0.580 * | ||
Cmic/Nmic | Fe | −0.655 * | |
EC | 0.794 ** | Mn | −0.711 ** |
FDA activity | −0.744 ** | Zn | 0.641 * |
URS | 0.618 * | ||
qFDA | −0.647 * | H’ | |
H’ | 0.721 ** | Fe | 0.69 * |
SEI | 0.832 *** | ||
DSH Activity | |||
SEI | −0.627 * | SEI | |
TOC | 0.613 * | ||
Fe | 0.803 ** | ||
Mn | 0.639 * |
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Medina-Herrera, M.d.R.; Negrete-Rodríguez, M.d.l.L.X.; Álvarez-Trejo, J.L.; Samaniego-Hernández, M.; González-Cruz, L.; Bernardino-Nicanor, A.; Conde-Barajas, E. Evaluation of Non-Conventional Biological and Molecular Parameters as Potential Indicators of Quality and Functionality of Urban Biosolids Used as Organic Amendments of Agricultural Soils. Appl. Sci. 2020, 10, 517. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10020517
Medina-Herrera MdR, Negrete-Rodríguez MdlLX, Álvarez-Trejo JL, Samaniego-Hernández M, González-Cruz L, Bernardino-Nicanor A, Conde-Barajas E. Evaluation of Non-Conventional Biological and Molecular Parameters as Potential Indicators of Quality and Functionality of Urban Biosolids Used as Organic Amendments of Agricultural Soils. Applied Sciences. 2020; 10(2):517. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10020517
Chicago/Turabian StyleMedina-Herrera, Miriam del Rocío, María de la Luz Xochilt Negrete-Rodríguez, José Luis Álvarez-Trejo, Midory Samaniego-Hernández, Leopoldo González-Cruz, Aurea Bernardino-Nicanor, and Eloy Conde-Barajas. 2020. "Evaluation of Non-Conventional Biological and Molecular Parameters as Potential Indicators of Quality and Functionality of Urban Biosolids Used as Organic Amendments of Agricultural Soils" Applied Sciences 10, no. 2: 517. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10020517