Do We Utilize Our Knowledge of the Skin Protective Effects of Carotenoids Enough?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Carotenoids
3. Carotenoids and the Skin
4. Carotenoids in Skin Photoprotection
4.1. Lycopene
4.2. Lutein
4.3. β-Carotene
4.4. Astaxanthin
4.5. Fucoxanthin
5. Carotenoids and Photocarcinogenesis
6. Carotenoids and Skin Aging
6.1. Lycopene
6.2. Lutein and Zeaxanthin
6.3. β-Carotene
6.4. Fucoxanthin
6.5. Astaxanthin
7. Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Carotenoid | Food Source | Photoprotective Effects | Role in Photo-Induced Carcinogenesis Prevention | Role in Photoaging Prevention | Additional Benefits |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
β-carotene | Pumpkin, carrots, sweet potatoes, mangos, papaya, bilberry [28,29,30,33] | Prevention of UV-induced erythema [88,100,101], ↑1 MED2 [102,103], ↓3 of the rate of mitochondrial mutation in human dermal fibroblasts after UV irradiation [96] | Delayed tumor appearance and reduced tumor growth rates [104], inhibition of photocarcinogenic enhancement by benzopyrene [105], in vitro induction of apoptosis of melanoma cells by activation of caspase-3,-8, and -9 [106] or by additional regulation of Bcl-2, p53 [107] In vivo no influence, positive or negative, on the incidence of malignant skin neoplasms, including melanoma. and NMSC4 [108,109,110] | O2 quenching,↓MMP5-1, -3, and MMP-10 [96,111],↓MMP-9 partly, by inhibiting Chol-OOHs6 formation [112] | Combination of β-carotene, lycopene and Lactobacillus johnsonii inhibits PMLE7 [113], protective role in the treatment of EPP8 and PCT9 by membrane protection against protoporphyrin IX and uroporphyrin I [114,115,116] |
Lycopene | Tomatoes, asparagus, pink grapefruit, guava, watermelon, peaches, papaya [28,29,33] | Protection against UV-induced erythema [95,117,118,119] ↓ HO-110, ↓ ICAM-111 [79] | Inhibits mtDNA deletion [87], inhibits skin tumor formation [120], induction of apoptosis [121], chemoprevention properties in photocarcinogenesis remain contradictory [122] | ↓ MMP [79], ↓MMP-1 and ↓ reduction in fibrillin-1 [87],↓ amount of furrows and wrinkles [101,123] | PMLE prevention [113], protective role in EPP [115] |
Astaxanthin | Microalgae, yeast, salmon, trout, krill, shrimp, crayfish and crustacea [28,29,35,39] | Protection against UV-induced erythema, ↑MED, activation of Nrf213/HO-1 AO pathway [35,37,38,124] | Inhibition of skin cancer and tyosinase in rat model [125]; apoptosis [126]; AO effect, effect on gap junctional communication important for homeostasis, growth control, and development of cells [127,128,129], may enhance immune responses and potentially exert antitumor activity [130] | ↓ wrinkle parameters [131,132], ↑ elasticity, improved skin texture, and ↓ TEWL12 [38,131,133,134], ↓ size of age spots [131], ↑ procollagen type I, ↓MMP-1, -3, -12, also MMP-13 [126,133,135], ↓ malondialdehyde; ↓ residual skin surface components [136,137], ↓ IL14-1α [132], ↓ MIF15, IL-1β, TNF-α16, preserves trans-UCA17 levels [126], ↓ mast cells [135] | Anti-inflammatory properties - ↓ iNOS18, COX-2, and inhibition of NFκB signaling [138]; ↓ TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6— possible implication for the treatment of inflammatory diseases such as atopic dermatitis [138] and psoriasis Accelerates wound healing—↓iNOS, ↑wound healing biological markers including Col1A121 and bFGF22 [139] |
Lutein/ Zeaxanthin | Leafy green vegetables, peas, broccoli, pumpkins, corn, red peppers, egg yolk, bilberry [28,29,30,34] | ↓ skin edema and erythema after UVR [140], ↓ masts cells number [141], ↓ melanogenesis [93], blocking of eye damage induced by blue light [90,91] | ↑ tumor-free survival time, ↓ tumor volume and multiplicity [141], ↓ PCNA23 and BrdU + epidermal cells [140], reduced incidence of SCC24 in persons who had a history of skin cancer at baseline [142] | ↓overexpression of HO-1, ICAM-1, MMP-1 Genes [79], ↓ MMP-1 and MMP-7, ↑ TIMP-2 [141,143], ↑ surface lipids, skin hydration, and skin elasticity [54,144] | Prevention of melasma, skin-lightening effects [93] |
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Balić, A.; Mokos, M. Do We Utilize Our Knowledge of the Skin Protective Effects of Carotenoids Enough? Antioxidants 2019, 8, 259. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080259
Balić A, Mokos M. Do We Utilize Our Knowledge of the Skin Protective Effects of Carotenoids Enough? Antioxidants. 2019; 8(8):259. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080259
Chicago/Turabian StyleBalić, Anamaria, and Mislav Mokos. 2019. "Do We Utilize Our Knowledge of the Skin Protective Effects of Carotenoids Enough?" Antioxidants 8, no. 8: 259. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox8080259