Chondroitin Sulfate Ameliorates Hypertension in Male Offspring Rat Born to Mothers Fed an Adenine Diet
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Animal Experiments
2.2. H2S-Generating Enzymes
2.3. NO Parameters
2.4. Plasma Short Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)
2.5. 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing and Analysis of Gut Microbiota Composition
2.6. Statistics
3. Results
3.1. Offspring Outcomes
3.2. H2S Pathway
3.3. NO Pathway
3.4. Differences in Microbiota Composition
3.5. SCFAs
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Groups | CN | AD | CNCS | ADCS | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AD | CS | AD × CS | |||||
Body weight (BW) (g) | 415 ± 18 | 415 ± 14 | 351 ± 7 *# | 426 ± 9 | 0.007 | 0.046 | 0.007 |
Left kidney weight (LKW) (g) | 1.83 ± 0.08 | 1.94 ± 0.07 | 1.71 ± 0.06 # | 1.97 ± 0.08 | 0.014 | NS | NS |
Combined kidney weight (CKW) (g) | 3.68 ± 0.16 | 3.94 ± 0.13 | 3.41 ± 0.1 # | 4.02 ± 0.13 | 0.003 | NS | NS |
LKW-to-BW ratio (g/kg) | 0.44 ± 0.01 | 0.47 ± 0.01 | 0.49 ± 0.01 | 0.47 ± 0.03 | NS | NS | NS |
CKW-to-BW ratio (g/kg) | 0.89 ± 0.01 | 0.95 ± 0.02 | 0.97 ± 0.02 | 0.95 ± 0.05 | NS | NS | NS |
Systolic BP (mmHg) | 133 ± 1 | 149 ± 2 * | 135 ± 1 # | 137 ± 1 # | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Diastolic BP (mmHg) | 88 ± 1 | 91 ± 3 | 88 ± 2 | 89 ± 2 | NS | NS | NS |
Creatinine (μM) | 16.5 ± 0.5 | 18.8 ± 0.8 | 16.2 ± 0.8 | 18.8 ± 0.7 | 0.002 | NS | NS |
Groups | CN | AD | CNCS | ADCS | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AD | CS | AD × CS | |||||
L-citrulline (μM) | 54.3 ± 3.3 | 43.0 ± 2.5 | 48.0 ± 1.7 | 46.1 ± 3.2 | 0.024 | NS | NS |
L-arginine (μM) | 392.5 ± 21.6 | 286.2 ± 11.8 | 365.9 ± 18.2 | 302.1 ± 16.3 | <0.001 | NS | NS |
ADMA (μM) | 2.06 ± 0.1 | 2.19 ± 0.1 | 1.88 ± 0.06 | 2.05 ± 0.17 | NS | NS | NS |
SDMA (μM) | 2.07 ± 0.16 | 2.49 ± 0.20 | 2.28 ± 0.10 | 2.02 ± 0.08 | NS | NS | 0.035 |
AAR (μM/μM) | 192.9 ± 12.2 | 132.5 ± 7.9 | 197.1 ± 13.0 | 152.7 ± 11.8 | <0.001 | 0.044 | NS |
Groups | CN | AD | CNCS | ADCS | p Value | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
AD | CS | AD × CS | |||||
Acetic acid (μM) | 943.9 ± 80.4 | 893.5 ± 42.3 | 1151 ± 49.4 *# | 785.8 ± 43.8 $ | 0.001 | NS | 0.01 |
Propionic acid (μM) | 4.04 ± 0.78 | 3.8 ± 0.62 | 5.06 ± 0.27 | 4.59 ± 0.56 | NS | NS | NS |
Isobutyric acid (μM) | 2.12 ± 0.12 | 1.75 ± 0.14 | 2.31 ± 0.09 | 1.9 ± 0.19 | 0.01 | NS | NS |
Butyric acid (μM) | 10.98 ± 0.49 | 9.29 ± 0.4 | 10.45 ± 0.53 | 8.73 ± 0.31 | 0.001 | NS | NS |
Isovaleric acid (μM) | 14.42 ± 2 | 7.62 ± 0.47 | 11.99 ± 0.67 | 6.67 ± 0.5 | <0.001 | NS | NS |
Valeric acid (μM) | 3.88 ± 0.12 | 3.17 ± 0.19 | 4 ± 0.13 | 3.36 ± 0.14 | <0.001 | NS | NS |
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Tain, Y.-L.; Hou, C.-Y.; Chang-Chien, G.-P.; Lin, S.-F.; Hsu, C.-N. Chondroitin Sulfate Ameliorates Hypertension in Male Offspring Rat Born to Mothers Fed an Adenine Diet. Antioxidants 2024, 13, 944. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080944
Tain Y-L, Hou C-Y, Chang-Chien G-P, Lin S-F, Hsu C-N. Chondroitin Sulfate Ameliorates Hypertension in Male Offspring Rat Born to Mothers Fed an Adenine Diet. Antioxidants. 2024; 13(8):944. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080944
Chicago/Turabian StyleTain, You-Lin, Chih-Yao Hou, Guo-Ping Chang-Chien, Shu-Fen Lin, and Chien-Ning Hsu. 2024. "Chondroitin Sulfate Ameliorates Hypertension in Male Offspring Rat Born to Mothers Fed an Adenine Diet" Antioxidants 13, no. 8: 944. https://doi.org/10.3390/antiox13080944