Positive Association between the Use of Quinolones in Food Animals and the Prevalence of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa: A Global Ecological Analysis
Abstract
:1. Background
2. Methods
2.1. Data
2.1.1. Antimicrobial Resistance Data
2.1.2. Quinolone Use for Food-Animal Data
2.1.3. Human Fluoroquinolone Consumption Data
2.2. Statistical Analyses
2.3. Sensitivity Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Spearman’s Correlations
3.2. Linear Regression Models
3.3. Sensitivity Analyses
4. Discussion
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Country | Quinolone Food Animals (mg/PCU) | Quinolones Humans (DDD/1000 inh./yr) | K. pneumoniae (%) | E. coli (%) | P. aeruginosa (%) | A. baumannii (%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Argentina | 648 | 51 | 34 | 25 | 83 | |
Australia | 0 | 245 | 4 | 12 | 5 | 6 |
Austria | 0.0706 | 699 | 16 | 22 | 12 | 9 |
Belarus | 83 | 48 | 87 | 90 | ||
Belgium | 0.2882 | 1246 | 27 | 25 | 12 | 14 |
Bosnia | 56 | 40 | ||||
Bulgaria | 0.3877 | 1178 | 68 | 43 | 32 | 96 |
Canada | 0.0105 | 815 | 19 | 21 | 19 | |
Chile | 577 | 29 | ||||
China | 16.0223 | 389 | 42 | 56 | 15 | 82 |
Croatia | 733 | 48 | 29 | 38 | 98 | |
Cyprus | 0.1139 | 45 | 44 | 25 | 76 | |
Czech Republic | 0.1149 | 402 | 54 | 26 | 30 | 20 |
Denmark | 0.3004 | 292 | 14 | 1 | ||
Ecuador | 733 | 47 | 59 | 22 | 55 | |
Egypt | 1152 | 80 | ||||
Estonia | 0.1554 | 376 | 30 | 20 | 13 | |
Finland | 0.0184 | 398 | 15 | 14 | 11 | 3 |
France | 0.1415 | 688 | 29 | 17 | 17 | 13 |
Georgia | 68 | |||||
Germany | 0.1414 | 701 | 18 | 23 | 16 | 9 |
Ghana | 61 | 59 | 29 | 26 | ||
Greece | 1242 | 69 | 34 | 38 | 96 | |
Hungary | 0.7233 | 1130 | 42 | 31 | 23 | 67 |
Iceland | 0.0121 | 14 | ||||
India | 762 | 69 | 84 | 34 | 58 | |
Ireland | 0.1945 | 433 | 19 | 26 | 16 | |
Italy | 0.5165 | 1486 | 58 | 47 | 29 | 79 |
Japan | 0.0518 | 954 | 30 | |||
Kenya | 40 | 58 | ||||
Latvia | 0.1951 | 418 | 35 | 32 | ||
Lebanon | 45 | |||||
Lithuania | 0.1657 | 564 | 66 | 28 | 21 | |
Luxembourg | 0.1508 | 1064 | 29 | . | 21 | |
Malawi | 45 | . | ||||
Malaysia | 355 | 26 | 50 | |||
Mexico | 434 | 28 | 62 | 23 | 95 | |
Netherlands | 0.1671 | 374 | 16 | 16 | 12 | 3 |
New Zealand | 0.0088 | 136 | 10 | |||
Nigeria | 75 | 76 | ||||
Norway | 0.1408 | 258 | 13 | 16 | 5 | 0 |
Oman | 42 | 43 | ||||
Pakistan | 1642 | 58 | 59 | |||
Philippines | 262 | 32 | 39 | 18 | 40 | |
Poland | 0.887 | 638 | 68 | 38 | 39 | 83 |
Portugal | 0.7636 | 876 | 49 | 30 | 25 | 38 |
Romania | 1382 | 66 | 28 | 62 | 90 | |
Russia | 1129 | 87 | 63 | 58 | 94 | |
Saudi Arabia | 40 | 47 | ||||
Serbia | 1158 | 74 | 53 | |||
Slovakia | 0.1339 | 1088 | 68 | 47 | 47 | 52 |
Slovenia | 0.1462 | 546 | 34 | 26 | 20 | 50 |
South Africa | 589 | 28 | 35 | 66 | ||
South Korea | 1.0048 | 766 | 37 | |||
Spain | 1.464 | 1180 | 24 | 33 | 24 | 73 |
Sri Lanka | 0.1531 | 578 | 49 | 59 | 33 | |
Sweden | 0.00418 | 354 | 12 | 17 | 9 | 0 |
Switzerland | 0.05 | 716 | 11 | 19 | 7 | 14 |
Tajikistan | . | 17 | ||||
Thailand | 726 | 35 | 47 | 15 | 57 | |
Tunisia | 851 | 57 | 19 | |||
Turkey | 1352 | 62 | 55 | 35 | 92 | |
UAE | 1280 | 27 | 49 | |||
USA | 0.0538 | 1002 | 10 | 31 | 19 | 39 |
United Kingdom | 0.038 | 251 | 12 | 18 | 10 | 17 |
Venezuela | 1199 | 17 | 50 | 81 | ||
Vietnam | 0.1196 | 1162 | 44 | 66 | 21 | 57 |
Zambia | 69 | |||||
Zimbabwe | 44 |
Acinetobacter baumannii | Escherichia coli | Pseudomonas aeruginosa | Klebsiella pneumoniae | Food-Animal FQ Consumption | Human FQ Consumption | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Acinetobacter baumannii | 1 | |||||
Escherichia coli | 0.66 ** | 1 | ||||
Pseudomonas aeruginosa | 0.76 ** | 0.72 ** | 1 | |||
Klebsiella pneumoniae | 0.72 ** | 0.61 ** | 0.90 ** | 1 | ||
Food-animal FQ consumption | 0.54 ** | 0.55 ** | 0.46 ** | 0.58 ** | 1 | |
Human FQ consumption | 0.54 ** | 0.58 ** | 0.58 ** | 0.42 * | 0.35 * | 1 |
E. coli | K. pneumoniae | A. baumannii | P. aeruginosa | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
Quinolones food animals | 1.93 (0.21–3.65) * | - | 2.2 (0.84–3.56) ** | 0.84 (−1.76–3.44) | - | 1.21 (−1.25–3.68) | 3.62 (−0.39–7.64) | - | 4.6 (1.79–7.46) ** | −0.11 (−1.42–1.21) | - | 0.14 (−1.02–1.30) |
Quinolones humans | - | 0.02 (0.01–0.03) ** | 0.02 (0.01–0.03) ** | - | 0.02 (0.01–0.04) ** | 0.02 (0.00–0.04) * | - | 0.05 (0.02–0.08) ** | 0.06 (0.03–0.08) ** | - | 0.02 (0.01–0.03) ** | 0.01 (0.01–0.02) ** |
n | 35 | 47 | 33 | 31 | 42 | 30 | 26 | 35 | 25 | 29 | 37 | 28 |
R2 | 0.14 | 0.27 | 0.48 | 0.01 | 0.19 | 0.18 | 0.13 | 0.26 | 0.59 | 0.00 | 0.29 | 0.29 |
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Kenyon, C. Positive Association between the Use of Quinolones in Food Animals and the Prevalence of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa: A Global Ecological Analysis. Antibiotics 2021, 10, 1193. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10101193
Kenyon C. Positive Association between the Use of Quinolones in Food Animals and the Prevalence of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa: A Global Ecological Analysis. Antibiotics. 2021; 10(10):1193. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10101193
Chicago/Turabian StyleKenyon, Chris. 2021. "Positive Association between the Use of Quinolones in Food Animals and the Prevalence of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in E. coli and K. pneumoniae, A. baumannii and P. aeruginosa: A Global Ecological Analysis" Antibiotics 10, no. 10: 1193. https://doi.org/10.3390/antibiotics10101193