The Efficacy of β-Carotene in Cow Reproduction: A Review
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Recent Progress in β-Carotene Research on Cattle Reproduction
3. Brief History of Early Research on the Effects of β-Carotene Supplementation on Cattle Reproduction
4. Mechanism of Action of β-Carotene in the Reproductive Function of Cattle at the Cellular Level
5. Relevance of β-Carotene to Ovarian Activity
6. Recent Progress in Understanding the Mechanism of β-Carotene in Cattle Reproduction
7. Possible Factors Affecting the Effectiveness of β-Carotene in Cattle Reproduction
7.1. Basal β-Carotene Intake and Vitamin A Status
7.2. Lactation, Age and Parity
7.3. Seasons
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n 1 | β-Carotene Supplementation (mg/day) | Blood β-Carotene conc. (μg/dL) | Conception Rate (%) | n | Vitamin A Supplementation as a Control (IU/day) 2 | Blood β-Carotene conc. (μg/dL) | Conception Rate (%) | ||||
Folman et al. (1979) [10] | Dairy Heifer | 7–17 mo 3 | 7 | 105 4 | 63–219 | 78 (+9) 5 | 11 | 40,800 4 | 2–6 | 69 | N.S. 6 |
Wang et al. (1982) [30] | Dairy Heifer | 12–19 mo | 9 | 300 | 301 | 44 (+0) | 9 | - | 228 | 44 | N.S. |
14–19 mo | 7 | 192 | 71 (+14) | 7 | - | 132 | 57 | N.S. | |||
12–16 mo | 7 | 194 | 75 (+8) | 9 | - | 90 | 67 | N.S. | |||
Ducker et al. (1984) [13] | Dairy Heifer | 19–24 mo | 40 | 300 | 273–928 | 53 (+8) | 40 | 60,000 | 142–430 | 45 | N.S. |
12–14 mo | 40 | 330-909 | 58 (+8) | 40 | 60,000 | 58–364 | 50 | N.S. | |||
Ascarelli et al. (1985) [8] | Dairy Cow | Multiparious | 27 | 500 (dry cow) 750 (lactating cow) | 286–493 | 59 (+18)/1st AI 55 (+17)/All AI | 27 | 200,000 (dry cow) 300,000 (lactating cow) | 22–46 | 41/1st AI 38/All AI | N.S./1st AI p < 0.05/All AI |
28 | 500 (dry cow) 750 (lactating cow) | 341-546 | 36 (+3)/1st AI 43 (+6)/All AI | 28 | 200,000 (dry cow) 300,000 (lactating cow) | 18–34 | 33/1st AI 37/All AI | N.S. | |||
Akordor et al. (1986) [44] | Dairy Cow | 32–87 mo | 28 | 400 | 191 | 54 (+0)/1st AI 79 (+12)/1-2nd AI 93 (+22)/1-3rd AI | 24 | 160,000 | 62 | 54/1st AI 67/1-2nd AI 71/1-3rd AI | N.S./1st AI N.S./1–2nd AI p < 0.05/1–3rd AI |
Folman et al. (1987) [11] | Dairy Cow | Multiparious | 55 | 500 (before calving) 700 (after calving) | 393–657 | 22 (−24)/1st AI 36 (−33)/2nd AI 28 (−26)/All AI | 50 | 200,581 (before calving) 279,069 (after calving) | 78–107 | 46/1st AI 69/2nd AI 54/All AI | p = 0.025/1st AI p = 0.025/2nd AI p = 0.001/All AI |
Wang et al. (1988) [32] | Dairy Heifer | 13–18 mo | 9 | 300 | 127 | 67 (+11) | 9 | - | 86 | 56 | N.S. |
14–16 mo | 10 | 300 | 158 | 67 (+45) | 10 | - | 127 | 22 | |||
11–15 mo | 9 | 600 | 173 | 44 (+0) | 9 | - | 46 | 44 | |||
Bian et al. (2007) [46] | Dairy Cow | Multiparious | 38 7 | 300 | - | 36 (+12) | 38 7 | - | - | 24 | p < 0.05 |
De Ondarza et al. (2009) [53] | Dairy Cow | Multiparious | 421 8 | 425 | 275–356 | 21 9 (+1) | 419 8 | - | 171–247 | 20 9 | N.S. |
Oliveira et al. (2015) [47] | Dairy Heifer | Primiparious | 28 | 1200 | 202–238 | 43 (−7) | 30 | - | 155–226 | 50 | N.S. |
Multiparious | 74 | 1200 | 208–254 | 34 (+7) | 84 | - | 171–229 | 27 | N.S. | ||
Lee et al. (2021) [57] | Beef | Multiparious | 100 | 400 | 429 | 34 (+9) | 99 | - | 103 | 25 | p = 0.024 |
Bhateshwar et al. (2021) [56] | Dairy | Lactating | 12 | 500 | 287-389 | 58 (+25)/1st AI 25 (+8)/2nd AI 83 (+33)/All AI | 12 | - | 178-264 | 33/1st AI 17/2nd AI 50/All AI | N.S./1st AI N.S./2nd AI p < 0.001/All AI |
Khemarach et al. (2021) [55] | Dairy Cow | - | 200 | 400 | - | 90 9 (+15) | 200 | - | - | 75 9 | p < 0.01 |
Prom et al. (2022) [60] | Dairy Cow | Multiparious | 47 | 800 | 170 | 68 9,10 (−13) | 47 | - | 59 | 81 9,10 | N.S. |
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Mitsuishi, H.; Yayota, M. The Efficacy of β-Carotene in Cow Reproduction: A Review. Animals 2024, 14, 2133. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14142133
Mitsuishi H, Yayota M. The Efficacy of β-Carotene in Cow Reproduction: A Review. Animals. 2024; 14(14):2133. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14142133
Chicago/Turabian StyleMitsuishi, Hiroki, and Masato Yayota. 2024. "The Efficacy of β-Carotene in Cow Reproduction: A Review" Animals 14, no. 14: 2133. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14142133