Broiler Spaghetti Meat Abnormalities: Muscle Characteristics and Metabolomic Profiles
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Ethics Statement
2.2. Animals and Feeding Management
2.3. Sample Collection
2.4. Analysis of Physical Properties and Proximate Composition
2.5. Analysis of Muscle Fiber Morphology
2.6. Liquid Chromatography with Tandem Mass Spectrometry Untargeted Metabolomic Analysis
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Comparison of Physical Properties and Proximate Compositions
3.2. Comparison of Muscle Fiber Morphologies
3.3. Identification of Differential Metabolites in SM
3.3.1. Screening of Differential Metabolites
3.3.2. Multivariate Analysis
3.3.3. Hierarchical Clustering Analysis of Differential Metabolites
3.3.4. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Enrichment Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Traits | Muscle Condition (M) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
NO | SM | ||
L* | 45.46 ± 3.86 b | 47.85 ± 3.58 a | p = 0.02 |
a* | 1.61 ± 0.70 | 1.87 ± 1.27 | p = 0.33 |
b* | 7.93 ± 1.52 b | 9.08 ± 2.83 a | p = 0.04 |
pH | 5.84 ± 0.33 a | 5.63 ± 0.17 b | p = 0.04 |
Hydraulic system, n | 0.24 ± 0.05 | 0.25 ± 0.06 | p = 0.87 |
Shear force, % | 27.48 ± 6.25 a | 18.42 ± 6.78 b | p = 0.00 |
Moisture, % | 72.75 ± 0.56 | 72.48 ± 0.72 | p = 0.16 |
Protein, % | 24.93 ± 0.54 a | 24.19 ± 0.44 b | p = 0.00 |
Fat, % | 1.45 ± 0.43 | 1.82 ± 0.79 | p = 0.06 |
Collagen 1 | 0.54 ± 0.10 | 0.59 ± 0.11 | p = 0.08 |
Carcass weight, g | 1864 ± 213.20 | 1857 ± 209.70 | p = 0.98 |
Unilateral breast, g | 138.41 ± 13.42 | 136.78 ± 12.95 | p = 0.96 |
Metabolites | MZ | RT (min) | VIP | p | FC |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Upregulated | |||||
(S)-2-Methylmalate | 149.06 | 258.30 | 2.23 | 0.02 | 4.65 |
Acetylcysteine | 163.00 | 408.50 | 2.74 | 0.00 | 6.99 |
Dodecanoic acid | 199.98 | 989.60 | 2.20 | 0.02 | 1.80 |
Capsidiol | 219.17 | 648.00 | 2.75 | 0.00 | 3.68 |
2-trans,6-trans-Farnesal | 221.19 | 918.40 | 2.35 | 0.00 | 1.84 |
Ergothioneine | 230.10 | 108.10 | 1.92 | 0.03 | 2.48 |
13-OxoODE | 277.22 | 810.50 | 1.88 | 0.03 | 1.18 |
Isotretinoin | 301.22 | 818.70 | 3.04 | 0.00 | 6.10 |
9-cis-Retinoic acid | 301.22 | 839.30 | 2.03 | 0.02 | 3.08 |
Cafestol | 317.21 | 870.20 | 2.42 | 0.00 | 1.19 |
14,15-DiHETrE | 321.24 | 743.40 | 3.07 | 0.00 | 10.75 |
Lithocholic acid | 377.31 | 797.60 | 2.12 | 0.01 | 9.49 |
1-Arachidonoylglycerol | 379.28 | 935.00 | 2.56 | 0.00 | 12.73 |
L-Malic acid | 133.02 | 123.90 | 2.19 | 0.01 | 1.07 |
L-Phenylalanine | 164.07 | 300.60 | 2.21 | 0.01 | 1.20 |
1-Methylhistidine | 168.08 | 107.30 | 2.01 | 0.03 | 1.21 |
Yohimbine | 353.18 | 740.80 | 2.48 | 0.00 | 2.02 |
methylnaphthaleneacetic acid | |||||
Catechol | 111.02 | 909.00 | 1.98 | 0.03 | 0.77 |
4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde | 123.04 | 204.50 | 2.09 | 0.02 | 0.66 |
2-Phenylacetamide | 136.08 | 204.30 | 2.20 | 0.02 | 0.50 |
2,3-Butanediol | 154.99 | 59.90 | 2.06 | 0.02 | 0.61 |
Glucosamine | 180.09 | 358.40 | 2.08 | 0.02 | 0.54 |
8-Methoxykynurenate | 220.06 | 490.50 | 1.90 | 0.04 | 0.82 |
Pyrimidodiazepine | 221.09 | 424.80 | 2.39 | 0.01 | 0.48 |
9(S)-HPODE | 313.24 | 701.10 | 2.09 | 0.02 | 0.63 |
12(S)-HpETE | 319.23 | 867.70 | 2.05 | 0.02 | 0.63 |
Rosmarinic acid | 360.24 | 462.70 | 2.07 | 0.02 | 0.71 |
Vitamin D3 | 384.35 | 913.40 | 2.11 | 0.02 | 0.89 |
beta-Carotene | 536.16 | 919.00 | 1.90 | 0.03 | 0.49 |
Fumaric acid | 115.00 | 74.90 | 2.09 | 0.02 | 0.62 |
Isopropylparaben | 179.07 | 741.80 | 2.23 | 0.01 | 0.87 |
4-Pyridoxic acid | 182.05 | 340.20 | 2.09 | 0.04 | 0.34 |
9,10-DHOME | 314.24 | 827.40 | 1.93 | 0.03 | 0.47 |
Prostaglandin J2 | 315.19 | 682.90 | 2.19 | 0.01 | 0.40 |
Uridine diphosphate glucose | 565.05 | 80.50 | 2.17 | 0.03 | 0.67 |
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Wu, T.; Liu, P.; Wu, J.; Jiang, Y.; Zhou, N.; Zhang, Y.; Xu, Q.; Zhang, Y. Broiler Spaghetti Meat Abnormalities: Muscle Characteristics and Metabolomic Profiles. Animals 2024, 14, 1236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14081236
Wu T, Liu P, Wu J, Jiang Y, Zhou N, Zhang Y, Xu Q, Zhang Y. Broiler Spaghetti Meat Abnormalities: Muscle Characteristics and Metabolomic Profiles. Animals. 2024; 14(8):1236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14081236
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Teng, Pingping Liu, Jia Wu, Youluan Jiang, Ning Zhou, Yang Zhang, Qi Xu, and Yu Zhang. 2024. "Broiler Spaghetti Meat Abnormalities: Muscle Characteristics and Metabolomic Profiles" Animals 14, no. 8: 1236. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14081236