Saponin Extracts Utilization as Dietary Additive in Ruminant Nutrition: A Meta-Analysis of In Vivo Studies
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Database Development
2.2. Statistical Analysis
No | Study | Year | Exp. | Animal | Age (Months) | Status | IBW (kg) | Sources of Saponin Extract | Level (g/kg DM) | Extracted Forms |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Valdez et al. [22] | 1986 | 1 | Dairy cows | n.d. | 1st lactation (6–10 week postpartum) | n.d. | Yucca schidigera | 0.77 | Powder |
2 | Lu et al. [23] | 1987 | 2–3 | Sheep | n.d. | Mature wethers | 49 | Medicago sativa | 20–40 | Powder |
3 | Wu et al. [24] | 1994 | 4–5 | Dairy cows | n.d. | Lactation | 650 | Yucca schidigera | 0–0.396 | Powder |
4 | Hussain [13] | 1995 | 6–15 | Steers | n.d. | n.d. | 574–658 | Yucca schidigera | 0.25 | Powder |
5 | Wilson [25] | 1998 | 16–17 | Dairy cows | Multiparous (122 d postpartum) | 640 | Yucca schidigera | 0.378 | Powder | |
6 | Sliwinski [26] | 2002 | 18 | Sheep | 4.02 | Castrated male lambs | 35.1 | Yucca schidigera | 0.002–0.03 | Powder |
7 | Eryavuz abd Dehoroti [8] | 2004 | 19–22 | Sheep | 24–108 | n.d. | 186.6 | Yucca schidigera | 5–30 | Liquid |
8 | Santoso et al. [27] | 2006 | 23 | Goat | n.d. | n.d. | 20.3 | Biophytum petersianum | 0.072–0.144 | Liquid |
9 | Wina et al. [28] | 2006 | 24–25 | Sheep | n.d. | Male sheep | 16.5 | Sapindus rarak | 20.16–30.24 | Powder |
10 | Lovett et al. [29] | 2006 | 26–27 | Dairy cows | n.d. | 1st and 2nd or 3rd lactation (±39 d post calving) | 585–610 | Yucca schidigera | 1.488–4.421 | Powder |
11 | Baah et al. [3] | 2007 | 28 | Dairy cows | n.d. | Heifers | 601 | Quillaja saponaria | 0–8 | Powder |
12 | Liu et al. [30] | 2007 | 29–34 | Sheep | n.d. | Male sheep | 40 | Yucca schidigera | 0.1–0.3 | Powder |
13 | Abdelmawla [1] | 2008 | 35 | Buffalo | n.d. | 4th and 5th lactation | 591 | Quillaja saponaria | 0.052–0.052 | Liquid |
14 | Benchaar et al. [6] | 2008 | 36 | Dairy cows | n.d. | Lactation (87 DIM) | 730 | Yucca schidigera | 2.752 | Powder |
15 | Singer et al. [31] | 2008 | 37 | Dairy cows | n.d. | Late lactation (298 DIM) | 810 | Yucca schidigera | 2.01–6.23 | Powder |
16 | Selcuk & Tuncer [32] | 2010 | 38 | Sheep | 2–2.5 | Male lamb | 20.87–21.69 | Yucca schidigera | 0.2–0.4 | Powder |
17 | Li et al. [16] | 2011 | 39 | Sheep | n.d. | Male sheep | 40 | Yucca schidigera | 0.1–0.3 | Powder |
18 | Nasri et al. [33] | 2011 | 40–43 | Sheep | 5–6 | Male lamb | 17.8–18.8 | Quillaja saponaria | 0.1–0.09 | Powder |
19 | Nasri et al. [34] | 2012 | 44–55 | Sheep | 5–6 | Female lamb | 23.9–28.9 | Quillaja saponaria | 0.12–0.36 | Liquid |
Agave americana | 0.12–0.36 | Powder | ||||||||
20 | Guyader et al. [9] | 2015 | 56–57 | Dairy cows | n.d. | Multiparous nonlactating | 658 | Camellia sinensis | 5 | Powder |
21 | Guyader et al. [10] | 2017 | 58 | Dairy cows | Primiparous & | 617 | Camellia sinensis | 7.6 | Powder | |
Multiparous (106 DIM) | ||||||||||
22 | Baheg et al. [4] | 2017 | 59–60 | Sheep | 43 | Ewes | 33.76 | Yucca schidigera | 0.2 | Powder |
23 | Kumar et al. [14] | 2017 | 61–63 | Goat | 7.03 | Male kids | 19.43–19.96 | Camellia sinensis | 4 | Powder |
25 | Zhang et al. [35] | 2021 | 65 | Sheep | 12 | Male castrated sheep | 48.37 | Camellia sinensis | 5–20 | Powder |
24 | Yi et al. [36] | 2022 | 64 | Steers | n.d. | Steers | 510.5 | Yucca schidigera | 0.198 | Powder |
26 | Alsubait et al. [2] | 2023 | 66 | Sheep | 3 and 4 | Male lambs | 26.26–26.97 | Yucca schidigera | 0.3–0.6 | Powder |
3. Results
3.1. Datasets
3.2. Relationship between Dietary Saponins Levels on Observed Parameters
3.3. Comparative Analysis of Saponins’ Sources
4. Discussion
4.1. Influence of Saponin Extract Utilization on Ruminant Performance, Digestibility, Rumen Fermentation and Health Parameters
4.2. The Relationship between Ruminant Production Health and Metabolism by the Divergence Sources of Saponin Extract
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Unit | N | Mean | SEM | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Feed Intake | ||||||
DMI | g/kg BW0.75 | 67 | 113.1 | 4.917 | 50.49 | 187.0 |
OMI | g/kg BW0.75 | 12 | 80.25 | 9.159 | 48.82 | 150.2 |
NDFI | g/kg BW0.75 | 12 | 36.22 | 3.146 | 18.12 | 56.62 |
Gain Performance | ||||||
ADG | g/d | 18 | 150.8 | 20.20 | 59.6 | 275.0 |
g/kg BW0.75 | 18 | 13.18 | 2.209 | 5.25 | 27.80 | |
Milk production and composition | ||||||
Milk yield | kg/d | 21 | 25.23 | 2.071 | 7.01 | 33.85 |
g/kg BW0.75 | 19 | 194.0 | 16.33 | 58.48 | 264.8 | |
g/kg DMI | 21 | 1.20 | 0.080 | 0.46 | 1.55 | |
Milk fat | g/kg | 21 | 44.49 | 3.103 | 31.3 | 74.6 |
Milk protein | g/kg | 17 | 34.22 | 1.358 | 28.0 | 47.9 |
Milk lactose | g/kg | 12 | 47.56 | 0.785 | 43.8 | 52.2 |
Digestibility | ||||||
DMD | g/kg | 40 | 698.3 | 8.769 | 628 | 813.0 |
OMD | g/kg | 57 | 683.9 | 11.47 | 405 | 827.0 |
CPD | g/kg | 44 | 636.2 | 10.46 | 531 | 793.7 |
NDFD | g/kg | 47 | 559.0 | 14.89 | 295 | 730.3 |
ADFD | g/kg | 27 | 489.9 | 15.79 | 323 | 660.1 |
Rumen fermentation parameters | ||||||
pH | 148 | 6.30 | 0.030 | 5.51 | 7.1 | |
NH3 | mg/dL | 146 | 18.77 | 1.028 | 4.12 | 81.74 |
Total VFA | mmol/L | 74 | 103.7 | 14.21 | 48.9 | 125.0 |
Acetate | % | 71 | 62.23 | 1.305 | 5.73 | 78.4 |
Propionate | % | 71 | 22.52 | 0.835 | 3.14 | 41.74 |
Butyrate | % | 71 | 11.65 | 0.432 | 1.17 | 19.3 |
Valerate | % | 29 | 1.27 | 0.141 | 0.16 | 3.68 |
A:P ratio | 71 | 3.10 | 0.151 | 0.79 | 7.47 | |
Protozoa | log10/mL | 91 | 5.42 | 0.044 | 4.19 | 6.52 |
N Balance | ||||||
Urine N/MBW | g/kg BW0.75 | 35 | 585.4 | 51.2 | 174.7 | 1099 |
Fecal N/MBW | g/kg BW0.75 | 35 | 550.2 | 46.5 | 199.8 | 1494 |
N retention/MBW | g/kg BW0.75 | 23 | 463.6 | 49.8 | 52.3 | 759.8 |
Blood parameters | ||||||
Plasma NH3 | µg/dL | 40 | 1.90 | 0.386 | 0.64 | 10.85 |
Total protein | g/dL | 20 | 6.97 | 0.255 | 5.32 | 10.31 |
Albumin | g/dL | 13 | 3.01 | 0.105 | 2.55 | 3.84 |
Globulin | g/dL | 10 | 3.72 | 0.158 | 2.97 | 4.66 |
PUN | mg/dL | 72 | 17.22 | 1.20 | 3.59 | 42.0 |
Cholesterol | g/dL | 21 | 75.43 | 8.087 | 28.0 | 153.7 |
Creatinine | μmol/L | 28 | 80.0 | 3.814 | 35.4 | 106.7 |
Glucose | mg/dL | 20 | 55.17 | 3.524 | 30.96 | 86.0 |
ALP | IU/L | 10 | 146.6 | 19.837 | 103.7 | 272.9 |
Estimated Variables | Unit | N | Model | Intercept | SEintercept | Slope | SEslope | p-Value | RMSE | AIC | L × Animal | L × Source |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Feed Intake | ||||||||||||
DMI | g/kg BW0.75 | 67 | L | 112.1 | 7.822 | −0.015 | 0.103 | 0.889 | 3.676 | 519.5 | 0.016 | 0.660 |
OMI | g/kg BW0.75 | 12 | L | 80.85 | 13.59 | −0.216 | 0.725 | 0.778 | 4.728 | 97.8 | 0.079 | 0.005 |
NDFI | g/kg BW0.75 | 12 | L | 36.32 | 4.690 | −0.036 | 0.288 | 0.905 | 1.878 | 77.98 | 0.032 | 0.021 |
Gain performance | ||||||||||||
ADG | g/d | 18 | L | 170.8 | 54.36 | 0.183 | 0.538 | 0.739 | 96.11 | 143 | 0.739 | 0.021 |
g/kg BW0.75 | 18 | L | 12.01 | 4.198 | 0.009 | 0.061 | 0.880 | 0.705 | 83.1 | 0.009 | 0.854 | |
Milk production and composition | ||||||||||||
Milk yield | kg/d | 21 | L | 25.98 | 3.932 | −0.364 | 0.109 | 0.005 | 11.31 | 93.9 | 0.016 | 0.001 |
g/kg BW0.75 | 19 | L | 211.6 | 29.18 | −2.938 | 0.912 | 0.008 | 5.339 | 158.4 | <0.001 | 0.295 | |
g/kg DMI | 21 | L | 1.253 | 0.134 | −0.002 | 0.005 | 0.698 | 0.030 | −21.1 | <0.001 | 0.220 | |
Milk fat | g/kg | 21 | L | 42.48 | 5.761 | 0.257 | 0.233 | 0.290 | 77.10 | 118 | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Milk protein | g/kg | 17 | L | 33.70 | 2.485 | −0.091 | 0.384 | 0.817 | 79.74 | 92.5 | 0.035 | 0.082 |
Milk lactose | g/kg | 12 | L | 47.59 | 1.567 | 0.005 | 0.225 | 0.981 | 36.44 | 56 | 0.197 | 0.341 |
Digestibility | ||||||||||||
DMD | g/kg | 40 | L | 702.0 | 17.07 | 0.973 | 0.473 | 0.048 | 31.45 | 382 | 0.015 | 0.425 |
OMD | g/kg | 57 | L | 687.2 | 26.60 | 0.373 | 0.371 | 0.320 | 59.26 | 543 | 0.002 | 0.359 |
CPD | g/kg | 44 | L | 640.2 | 24.20 | 2.017 | 1.546 | 0.201 | 36.40 | 439 | 0.206 | 0.568 |
NDFD | g/kg | 47 | L | 564.8 | 32.90 | −1.345 | 0.806 | 0.104 | 48.43 | 471 | 0.064 | 0.795 |
ADFD | g/kg | 27 | L | 500.7 | 33.10 | −3.977 | 1.764 | 0.036 | 39.99 | 275 | 0.005 | 0.235 |
Rumen Fermentation Profile | ||||||||||||
pH | 148 | L | 6.301 | 0.068 | −0.0004 | 0.005 | 0.945 | 0.176 | 114 | 0.793 | 0.394 | |
NH3 | mg/dL | 146 | L | 23.11 | 3.102 | −0.116 | 0.110 | 0.293 | 10.46 | 982 | 0.361 | 0.653 |
Total VFA | mmol/L | 74 | Q | 107.9 | 25.50 | 18.44 | 6.010 | 0.003 | 78.17 | 897 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
−0.440 | 0.150 | |||||||||||
Acetate | % | 71 | Q | 62.59 | 3.010 | −0.640 | 0.320 | 0.049 | 6.880 | 494 | 0.001 | <0.001 |
0.010 | 0.008 | |||||||||||
Propionate | % | 71 | L | 21.17 | 1.848 | −0.059 | 0.067 | 0.382 | 4.440 | 416 | 0.001 | <0.001 |
Butyrate | % | 71 | L | 11.28 | 0.943 | −0.031 | 0.042 | 0.463 | 2.014 | 348 | 0.038 | 0.001 |
Valerate | % | 29 | Q | 1.370 | 0.260 | 0.190 | 0.080 | 0.001 | 0.355 | 32.5 | <0.001 | 0.001 |
L | −0.040 | 0.010 | ||||||||||
A:P ratio | 71 | L | 3.321 | 0.358 | 0.002 | 0.008 | 0.826 | 0.796 | 140 | 0.949 | 0.786 | |
Protozoa | log10/mL | 91 | Q | 5.390 | 0.130 | 0.020 | 0.010 | 0.030 | 0.939 | 38.6 | 0.689 | <0.001 |
−0.001 | 0.000 | |||||||||||
N Partitioning | ||||||||||||
Urine N | g/kg BW0.75 | 35 | Q | 614.1 | 83.99 | −5.524 | 3.315 | 0.057 | 38.02 | 430.9 | 0.371 | 0.934 |
0.173 | 0.085 | |||||||||||
Fecal N | g/kg BW0.75 | 35 | L | 573.96 | 70.65 | −0.462 | 0.878 | 0.605 | 31.28 | 417.7 | 0.009 | 0.959 |
N retention | g/kg BW0.75 | 23 | L | 476.43 | 83.87 | −0.914 | 2.207 | 0.686 | 40.00 | 272 | - | 0.976 |
Blood parameters | ||||||||||||
Total protein | g/dL | 20 | L | 6.790 | 0.498 | −0.027 | 0.255 | 0.915 | 1.261 | 59.2 | 0.562 | 0.993 |
Albumin | g/dL | 13 | L | 2.976 | 0.222 | 0.044 | 0.050 | 0.400 | 3.484 | 6.8 | 0.156 | 0.329 |
Globulin | g/dL | 10 | L | 3.756 | 0.358 | −0.057 | 0.096 | 0.576 | 7.530 | 15.7 | 0.243 | 0.226 |
PUN | mg/dL | 72 | L | 18.23 | 2.317 | 0.105 | 0.559 | 0.852 | 1.426 | 378.5 | 0.156 | 0.535 |
Cholesterol | mg/dL | 21 | L | 86.18 | 23.49 | −1.849 | 3.145 | 0.565 | 94.65 | 160 | 0.679 | 0.055 |
Creatinine | μmol/L | 28 | Q | 77.54 | 7.510 | 51.85 | 19.62 | 0.014 | 58.79 | 218 | 0.884 | <0.001 |
−13.37 | 4.960 | |||||||||||
Glucose | mg/dL | 20 | L | 49.85 | 8.310 | −1.027 | 3.707 | 0.785 | 115.6 | 153 | 0.785 | 0.083 |
ALP | IU/L | 10 | L | 166.8 | 37.75 | 0.514 | 2.830 | 0.861 | 98.59 | 76.9 | 0.861 | 0.065 |
Estimated Variables | Unit | n | Experimental Groups | SEM | p-Value | Source × Animal | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CON | MS | QS | CS | YS | AA | BP | SR | ||||||
Feed Intake | |||||||||||||
DMI | g/kg BW0.75 | 67 | 112.8 | 113.6 | 111.1 | 112.4 | 111.2 | - | - | - | 4.92 | 0.892 | 0.015 |
OMI | g/kg BW0.75 | 12 | 84.92 | - | 57.26 | 84.77 | - | - | - | - | 9.16 | 0.776 | 0.043 |
NDFI | g/kg BW0.75 | 12 | 39.53 | - | 18.54 | 39.99 | - | - | - | - | 3.15 | 0.142 | 0.017 |
Gain performance | |||||||||||||
ADG | g/d | 18 | 171.1 ab | - | 188.0 a | 169.9 ab | 164.8 b | 189.4 a | - | - | 44.43 | 0.005 | - |
g/kg BW0.75 | 18 | 11.707 b | - | 13.25 a | 11.63 b | 10.97 c | 13.58 a | - | - | 2.21 | 0.025 | - | |
Milk production and composition | |||||||||||||
Milk yield | kg/d | 21 | 25.80 a | - | 26.72 a | 20.81 b | 25.55 a | - | - | - | 2.97 | 0.001 | - |
g/kg BW0.75 | 19 | 210.4 a | - | 218.4 a | 170.0 b | 208.0 a | - | - | - | 16.33 | 0.001 | - | |
g/kg DMI | 21 | 1.247 | - | 1.311 | 1.155 | 1.255 | - | - | - | 0.08 | 0.146 | - | |
Milk fat | g/kg | 21 | 41.52 b | - | 48.22 a | 44.23 ab | 42.54 b | - | - | - | 3.48 | <0.001 | - |
Milk protein | g/kg | 17 | 32.97 | - | 39.84 | 31.84 | 32.55 | - | - | - | 3.08 | 0.084 | - |
Milk lactose | g/kg | 12 | 46.92 | - | 50.11 | 48.08 | 46.64 | - | - | - | 2.19 | 0.339 | - |
Digestibility | |||||||||||||
DMD | g/kg | 40 | 700.4 | 730.5 | 717.02 | 705.7 | 697 | - | 683.4 | - | 29.41 | 0.491 | 0.014 |
OMD | g/kg | 57 | 687.5 | 717 | 699.1 | 692.9 | 682.8 | 703.2 | 677.9 | 663.8 | 33.11 | 0.408 | 0.003 |
CPD | g/kg | 44 | 644.7 | - | 638.1 | 645.5 | 647.3 | 673.8 | 628.2 | 38.59 | 0.658 | 0.321 | |
NDFD | g/kg | 47 | 563.2 | - | 568.3 | 550.6 | 560.8 | 569.7 | 551.3 | 547.6 | 47.46 | 0.972 | 0.321 |
ADFD | g/kg | 27 | 494.9 | - | - | 484 | 493.8 | - | 496 | - | 48.29 | 0.956 | 0.269 |
Rumen fermentation parameters | |||||||||||||
pH | 148 | 6.28 | 6.09 | 6.26 | 6.11 | 6.31 | 6.14 | 6.8 | - | 0.26 | 0.341 | 0.440 | |
NH3 | mg/dL | 146 | 23.6 | 27.19 | 19.14 | 21.83 | 23.26 | 23.66 | 17.42 | 19.78 | 6.64 | 0.386 | 0.224 |
Total VFA | mmol/L | 74 | 104.9 a | 60.12 b | 116.5 a | 106.9 a | 111.1 a | - | 63.79 b | - | 57.83 | <0.001 | 0.224 |
Acetate | % | 71 | 63.34 | 64.14 | 29.99 | 66.45 | 63.75 | - | 60.36 | 66.32 | 10.27 | 0.106 | 0.798 |
Propionate | % | 71 | 20.41 | - | 17.52 | 19.57 | 21.47 | - | 26.58 | 21.66 | - | 0.665 | 0.156 |
Butyrate | % | 71 | 11.96 | 13.59 | 7.41 | 10.84 | 11.5 | - | 9.01 | 8.87 | 2.95 | 0.295 | 0.541 |
Valerate | % | 29 | 1.34 | - | 0.9 | - | 1.44 | - | 1,17 | - | 0.42 | 0.782 | 0.126 |
A:P ratio | 71 | 3.53 | 3.48 | 1.76 | 3.58 | 3.49 | - | 2.67 | 3.22 | 1.47 | 0.521 | 0.240 | |
Protozoa | log10/mL | 91 | 5.48 a | 5.17 b | 5.29 b | 5.63 a | 5.63 a | 5.33 b | 5.22 b | 5.02 b | 0.25 | 0.009 | 0.287 |
N Partitioning | |||||||||||||
Urine N | g/kg BW0.75 | 35 | 619.9 | 622.8 | 521.9 | 637.1 | 615.0 | 597.5 | - | 570.84 | 51.20 | 0.614 | 0.245 |
Fecal N | g/kg BW0.75 | 35 | 572.6 | 557.2 | 590.1 | 567.9 | 574.8 | 584.8 | - | 554.91 | 46.47 | 0.997 | 0.001 |
N retention | g/kg BW0.75 | 23 | 463.2 | - | 537.3 | 368.5 | 486.2 | 523.5 | - | 459.46 | 49.82 | 0.188 | - |
Blood parameters | |||||||||||||
Total protein | g/dL | 20 | 6.66 | - | 7.4 | 6.63 | 6.2 | 7.85 | - | - | 0.95 | 0.279 | 0.689 |
Albumin | g/dL | 13 | 2.92 | - | 3.24 | 3.1 | 2.91 | - | - | - | 0.22 | 0.308 | - |
Globulin | g/dL | 10 | 3.64 | - | 4.20 | 3.51 | 3.32 | - | - | - | 0.35 | 0.228 | - |
PUN | mg/dL | 72 | 18.07 b | - | 17.1335 b | 19.40 b | 17.90 b | 23.04 a | - | - | 1.20 | 0.001 | 0.345 |
Cholesterol | mg/dL | 21 | 87.87 | - | 81.65 | 84.14 | 91.55 | 73.57 | - | - | 27.63 | 0.287 | 0.711 |
Creatinine | μmol/L | 28 | 80.16 b | - | 87.67 b | 72.35 b | 80.14 b | 122.0 a | - | - | 12.29 | <0.001 | - |
Glucose | mg/dL | 20 | 53.65 a | - | 31.03 b | 53.56 a | 49.90 a | 31.62 b | - | - | 13.02 | 0.005 | - |
ALP | IU/L | 10 | 170.8 | - | - | 175.9 | 161.9 | - | - | - | 32.69 | 0.388 | - |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Yanza, Y.R.; Irawan, A.; Jayanegara, A.; Ramadhani, F.; Respati, A.N.; Fitri, A.; Hidayat, C.; Niderkorn, V.; Cieslak, A.; Szumacher-Strabel, M.; et al. Saponin Extracts Utilization as Dietary Additive in Ruminant Nutrition: A Meta-Analysis of In Vivo Studies. Animals 2024, 14, 1231. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14081231
Yanza YR, Irawan A, Jayanegara A, Ramadhani F, Respati AN, Fitri A, Hidayat C, Niderkorn V, Cieslak A, Szumacher-Strabel M, et al. Saponin Extracts Utilization as Dietary Additive in Ruminant Nutrition: A Meta-Analysis of In Vivo Studies. Animals. 2024; 14(8):1231. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14081231
Chicago/Turabian StyleYanza, Yulianri Rizki, Agung Irawan, Anuraga Jayanegara, Fitri Ramadhani, Adib Norma Respati, Ainissya Fitri, Cecep Hidayat, Vincent Niderkorn, Adam Cieslak, Malgorzata Szumacher-Strabel, and et al. 2024. "Saponin Extracts Utilization as Dietary Additive in Ruminant Nutrition: A Meta-Analysis of In Vivo Studies" Animals 14, no. 8: 1231. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani14081231