Organic Acids Mixture as a Dietary Additive for Pigs—A Review
Abstract
:Simple Summary
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Modes of Action of Organic Acids
2.1. Effect of Organic Acids on Antimicrobial Activity and Lowering pH
2.2. Effect of Organic Acids on Nutrient Digestibility
2.3. Effect of Organic Acids on Pathogenic Bacteria
3. Protected Organic Acids
4. The Application of Organic Acids in Swine
4.1. Organic Acid Usage in Swine to Improve Performance
4.2. Organic Acids Usage in Swine to Improve Nutrient Digestibility
4.3. Effect of Organic Acids on Gut Microflora
4.4. Effect of Organic Acids on Fecal Gas Emission
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Acid | Chemical Name | Formula | pKa |
---|---|---|---|
Tartaric | 2,3-Dihydroxy-Butanedioic Acid | COOHCH(OH)CH(OH)COOH | 2.93 |
Fumaric | 2-Butenedioic Acid | COOHCH:CHCOOH | 3.02 |
Citric | 2-Hydroxy-1,2,3-Propanetricarboxylic Acid | COOHCH2C(OH)(COOH)CH2COOH | 3.13 |
Malic | Hydroxybutanedioic Acid | COOHCH2CH(OH)COOH | 3.40 |
Formic | Formic Acid | HCOOH | 3.75 |
Lactic | 2-Hydroxypropanoic Acid | CH3CH(OH)COOH | 3.83 |
HMB | 2-Hydroxy-4-Methylthio Butanoic Acid | CH3SCH3CH2CH(OH)COOH | 3.86 |
Benzoic | Benzenecarboxylic acid | C6H5COOH | 4.20 |
Acetic | Acetic Acid | CH3COOH | 4.76 |
Sorbic | 2,4-Hexandienoic Acid | CH3CH:CHCH:CHCOOH | 4.76 |
Butyric | Butanoic Acid | CH3CH2CH2COOH | 4.82 |
Propionic | 2-Propanoic Acid | CH3CH2COOH | 4.88 |
Composition of OAs Blends | Dose | Species | Growth Performance Improvements | Other Responses | Reference | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ADG | ADFI | G:F | |||||
Fumaric, lactate, citric, propionic, and benzoic acids | 0.2% 0.4% | Weaning pigs | Ns | Ns | Ns | Walsh et al [46] | |
Butanoic acid, fumaric acid, and benzoic acid, | 0.5% | Weaning pigs | * | Ns | * | Li et al [48] | |
Caprylic acid and capric acid | 0.1% | Weaning | * | - | Ns | Improved Villus in ileum | Hanczakowska et al [50] |
Lactic acid, fumaric acid | 1.05% | Weaning pigs | Ns | Ns | Ns | Increased fumaric acid in stomach and colon and decreased SCFA in colon. Improved Bacteroides-Porphyromonas-Prevotella, Clostridial cluster XIVa in stomach, Enterococci and Bifidobacteria in jejunum, Bacteroides-Porphyromonas-Prevotella in ileum, and Streptococci in colon. | Zentek et al [52] |
Fumaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, capric acid, and caprylic acid | 0.1% 0.2% | Growing pigs | * | Ns | Ns | Upadhaya et al [35] | |
Fumaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, capric acid, and caprylic acid | 0.1% | Finishing pigs | * | Ns | * | Improved longissimus area and sensory evaluation of meat color | Upadhaya et al [36] |
Fumaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, capric acid, and caprylic acid | 0.1% 0.2% 0.3% | Growing pigs | Ns * Ns | Ns Ns Ns | Ns * Ns | Upadhaya et al [47] | |
Fumaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, capric acid, and caprylic acid | 0.2% 0.4% | Weaning pigs | * * | * * | * * | Decreased diarrhea incidence | Lei et al [10] |
Fumaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, capric acid, and caprylic acid | 0.2% | Growing pigs | Ns | NS | * | Hossain et al [11] | |
Fumaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, capric acid, and caprylic acid | 0.5% 1% | Finishing pigs | Ns | Ns | * | Lei et al [53] | |
Formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, and MCFA | 0.3% | Weaning pigs | Ns | Ns | * | Increased acetic acid, propionic acid, isobutyric acid, butyric acid, total volatile fatty acid, total carbohydrates, acid detergent fiber, immunoglobulin, villus height/crypt depth. Reduced neutral detergent fiber, hydroxyl radicals | Long et al [54] |
Fumaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, capric acid, and caprylic acid | 0.1% 0.2% | Weaning pigs | Ns * | * * | Ns * | Upadhaya et al [55] | |
Benzoic acid, calcium formate, fumaric acid | 0.15% | Weaning pigs | * | Ns | Ns | Increased calcium, phosphorus, ether extract digestibility, villus height | Xu et al [56] |
Composition of OAs Blend | Dose | Species | Nutrient Digestibility Response | References | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
DM | N | E | ||||
Caprylic acid and capric acid | 0.1% | Weaning | Ns | - | - | Hanczakowska et al [50] |
Fumaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, capric acid, and caprylic acid | 0.1% 0.2% | Growing pigs | Ns | Ns | Ns | Upadhaya et al [36] |
Fumaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, capric acid, and caprylic acid | 0.1% 0.2% | Finishing pigs | * | * | * | Upadhaya et al [35] |
Fumaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, capric acid, and caprylic acid | 0.2% | Lactating sows | * | * | * | Devi et al [58] |
Fumaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, capric acid, and caprylic acid | 0.1% 0.2% 0.3% | Growing pigs | Ns | Ns | Ns | Upadhaya et al [47] |
Fumaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, capric acid, and caprylic acid | 0.2% | Growing pigs | * | * | * | Hossain et al [11] |
Fumaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, capric acid, and caprylic acid | 0.5% 1% | Finishing pigs | * | * | - | Lei et al [56] |
Formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, and MCFA | 0.3% | Weaning pigs | * | Ns | Ns | Long et al [54] |
Fumaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, capric acid, and caprylic acid | 0.2% | Weaning pigs | * | Ns | * | Upadhaya et al [55] |
Composition of OAs Blend | Dose | Species | Gut Microflora and Gas Emission Response | Other Bacteria | References | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gut Microflora | Lactobacillus | E. coli | |||||
Caprylic acid and capric acid | 0.1% | Weaning Pigs | - | Ns | Decreased fungi in ileum | Hanczakowska et al [50] | |
Fumaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, capric acid, and caprylic acid | 0.1% 0.2% | Finishing pigs | * | * | Upadhaya et al [35] | ||
Fumaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, capric acid, and caprylic acid | 0.2% | Lactating sows | * | * | Devi et al [58] | ||
Fumaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, capric acid, and caprylic acid | 0.1% 0.2% 0.3% | Growing pigs | * | Ns | Upadhaya et al [47] | ||
Formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, and MCFAs | 0.2% 0.3% | Weaning pigs | Ns | * | Increased total aerobic bacteria in feces | Long et al. [54] | |
Fumaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, capric acid, and caprylic acid | 0.2% | Weaning pigs | * | * | Upadhaya et al [55] | ||
Fecal Gas Emission | NH3 | H2S | R.SH | Acetic Acid | |||
Fumaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, capric acid, and caprylic acid | 0.1% 0.2% | Growing pigs | Ns | Ns | * | - | Upadhaya et al [36] |
Fumaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, capric acid, and caprylic acid | 0.1% 0.2% | Finishing pigs | * | - | - | * | Upadhaya et al [35] |
Fumaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, capric acid, and caprylic acid | 0.2% | Sows | * | * | Ns | Ns | Devi et al [58] |
Fumaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, capric acid, and caprylic acid | 0.2% | Growing pigs | * | Ns | - | * | Hossain et al [11] |
Fumaric acid, citric acid, malic acid, capric acid, and caprylic acid | 0.1% 0.2% | Weaning pigs | Ns | Ns | Ns | - | Upadhaya et al [55] |
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Nguyen, D.H.; Seok, W.J.; Kim, I.H. Organic Acids Mixture as a Dietary Additive for Pigs—A Review. Animals 2020, 10, 952. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10060952
Nguyen DH, Seok WJ, Kim IH. Organic Acids Mixture as a Dietary Additive for Pigs—A Review. Animals. 2020; 10(6):952. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10060952
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen, Dinh Hai, Woo Jeong Seok, and In Ho Kim. 2020. "Organic Acids Mixture as a Dietary Additive for Pigs—A Review" Animals 10, no. 6: 952. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10060952