Source Apportionment of Air Quality Parameters and Noise Levels in the Industrial Zones of Blantyre City
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Description of Study Area
2.2. Air Monitoring
2.3. Noise Monitoring
2.4. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Air Quality Parameters and Noise Levels
3.1.1. Carbon Monoxide (CO) Concentration Levels
3.1.2. Total Suspended Particle Concentration Levels
3.1.3. PM10 Concentration Levels
3.1.4. Particulate Matter 2.5 Concentration Levels
3.1.5. Noise Levels
3.2. Source Apportionment (Examination of Sources) for Air Quality Parameters from the Industrial Areas
S/N Values | ||
---|---|---|
Species | Dry Season | Wet Season |
CO | 0.609 | 0.091 |
TSP | 3.693 | 1.843 |
PM10 | 2.426 | 2.314 |
PM2.5 | 2.466 | 1.528 |
3.3. Correlation between Air Quality Parameters and Noise Levels
4. Conclusions
Recommendations
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Correction Statement
Appendix A
Appendix A.1. Table of Coordinates for Sampling Points
Sampling Points | Geographical Coordinate System | |
Maone Industrial Area | (Latitude, Longitude) | (UTM) |
Maone OF | −15.79248, 35.07676 | 722,465.48, 8,252,921.50 |
Maone MH | −15.78429, 35.07958 | 722,776.63, 8,253,824.17 |
Maone NM | −15.78332, 35.07571 | 722,362.96, 8,253,936.39 |
Makata Industrial Area | ||
Makata LF | −15.79132, 35.02744 | 717,182.33, 8,253,101.41 |
Makata AP | −15.79029, 35.02339 | 716,748.68, 8,253,219.58 |
Makata CM | −15.78641, 35.03355 | 717,841.57, 8,253,638.50 |
Chirimba Industrial Area | ||
Chirimba AP | −15.73752, 35.03059 | 717,577.34, 8,259,052.29 |
Chirimba BC | −15.74260, 35.03074 | 717,587.15, 8,258,489.82 |
Chirimba VZ | −15.74120, 35.02713 | 717,201.70; 8,258,647.93 |
Limbe Industrial Area | ||
Limbe AZ | −15.80686, 35.06551 | 721,243.21, 8,251,341.22 |
Limbe MP | −15.80755, 35.06737 | 721,442.83, 8,251,262.55 |
Limbe PC | −15.80511, 35.06359 | 721,442.83, 8,251,536.57 |
Maselema Industrial Area | ||
Maselema PP | −15.80506, 35.05091 | 719,681.90, 8,251,556.40 |
Maselema RP | −15.80405, 35.05219 | 719,820.04, 8,251,666.62 |
Maselema BP | −15.80644, 35.05758 | 720,395.01, 8,251,396.02 |
Appendix A.2. Statistical Analysis (Seasonal Variations Using Paired t-Test)
Mean Difference | Confidence Interval | t | df | Stderr | p-Value (α = 0.05) | ||
Variable | lower | upper | |||||
CO | −0.824 | −1.491 | −0.158 | −2.494 | 44 | 0.3306125 | 0.01647 |
TSP | −9.507 | −49.941 | 30.928 | −0.474 | 44 | 20.06316 | 0.638 |
PM10 | −10.418 | −15.950 | −4.885 | −3.795 | 44 | 2.745143 | 0.0004478 |
PM2.5 | −7.262 | −11.612 | −2.912 | −3.3644 | 44 | 2.158538 | 0.001599 |
Noise | −4.493 | −7.075 | −1.912 | −3.508 | 44 | 1.280761 | 0.001053 |
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Sampling Point | CO (mg/m3) | TSP (µg/m3) | PM10 (µg/m3) | PM2.5 (µg/m3) | Noise (dB) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wet Season | Dry Season | Wet Season | Dry Season | Wet Season | Dry Season | Wet Season | Dry Season | Wet Season | Dry Season | |
Maone MH | 0 ± 0.00 | 0 ± 0.00 | 30.5 ± 13.37 | 112 ± 39.02 | 13.8 ± 2.70 | 21.3 ± 8.41 | 10.3 ± 2.61 | 16 ± 6.21 | 38.5 ± 5.90 | 49.1 ± 10.23 |
Maone NM | 0.667 ± 0.58 | 1.7 ± 1.13 | 45.4 ± 19.97 | 95.9 ± 29.47 | 25.4 ± 11.25 | 27 ± 12.98 | 19 ± 8.35 | 20.3 ± 9.80 | 42.4 ± 8.26 | 47.5 ± 3.88 |
Maone OF | 0 ± 0.00 | 0 ± 0.00 | 15 ± 6.10 | 75.7 ± 9.00 | 5.33 ± 1.89 | 13.6 ± 3.65 | 3.67 ± 1.36 | 10.3 ± 2.65 | 34.8 ± 1.30 | 45.6 ± 1.22 |
Limbe AZ | 0 ± 0.00 | 0 ± 0.00 | 66.3 ± 52.10 | 105 ± 44.09 | 17 ± 15.97 | 24.7 ± 7.15 | 12.8 ± 11.87 | 18.7 ± 5.16 | 48.9 ± 2.24 | 47.8 ± 2.58 |
Limbe MP | 0.333 ± 0.58 | 1.67 ± 0.58 | 214 ± 76.46 | 147 ± 37.82 | 36.2 ± 17.72 | 47.8 ± 16.68 | 27.1 ± 13.32 | 35.8 ± 12.58 | 51.9 ± 2.82 | 50.8 ± 5.99 |
Limbe PC | 0 ± 0.00 | 0 ± 0.00 | 23.9 ± 14.11 | 115 ± 11.57 | 6.93 ± 3.52 | 26.6 ± 6.65 | 5.17 ± 2.63 | 20 ± 4.95 | 43.4 ± 6.02 | 48.9 ± 6.26 |
Maselema BP | 2 ± 3.46 | 4.33 ± 2.31 | 174 ± 90.06 | 184 ± 114.00 | 18.3 ± 8.24 | 25.7 ± 7.91 | 13.8 ± 6.17 | 19.3 ± 5.91 | 58.4 ± 1.69 | 58.1 ± 2.69 |
Maselema PP | 2.67 ± 3.06 | 3.67 ± 2.08 | 46.7 ± 25.67 | 184 ± 5.86 | 13.5 ± 7.82 | 25.7 ± 4.49 | 10.1 ± 5.84 | 19.3 ± 3.30 | 41.1 ± 1.10 | 47.4 ± 1.14 |
Maselema RP | 1.33 ± 1.53 | 3 ± 2.00 | 44.9 ± 20.32 | 105 ± 27.59 | 4.3 ± 0.17 | 45.7 ± 13.36 | 12.5 ± 15.93 | 34.3 ± 10.00 | 39.4 ± 1.83 | 47.4 ± 3.32 |
Chirimba AP | 0 ± 0.00 | 0.667 ± 1.15 | 319 ± 319.35 | 52.3 ± 5.61 | 23.1 ± 17.63 | 13.6 ± 5.98 | 17.1 ± 13.34 | 10.1 ± 4.61 | 53.5 ± 2.47 | 52.4 ± 5.09 |
Chirimba BC | 0.33 ± 0.58 | 1.33 ± 0.58 | 18.3 ± 5.44 | 76.3 ± 37.86 | 5.07 ± 1.01 | 13.3 ± 6.91 | 3.6 ± 0.85 | 9.83 ± 5.27 | 39 ± 3.60 | 46.2 ± 0.67 |
Chirimba VZ | 0 ± 0.00 | 0 ± 0.00 | 26.4 ± 6.92 | 68.7 ± 15.72 | 7.03 ± 2.03 | 15.7 ± 1.81 | 5.13 ± 1.46 | 11.8 ± 1.32 | 38.7 ± 3.95 | 46.7 ± 1.93 |
Makata AP | 0 ± 0.00 | 1.33 ± 0.58 | 22 ± 6.75 | 51 ± 20.44 | 9.23 ± 2.35 | 21.6 ± 19.92 | 6.87 ± 1.76 | 16.4 ± 14.85 | 40.3 ± 2.27 | 51.6 ± 3.23 |
Makata CM | 0 ± 0.00 | 0.667 ± 1.15 | 41 ± 3.79 | 50.4 ± 29.98 | 9.5 ± 2.51 | 17.1 ± 15.70 | 7.1 ± 1.91 | 12.7 ± 11.84 | 52.5 ± 4.82 | 47 ± 1.96 |
Makata LF | 0 ± 0.00 | 1.33 ± 0.58 | 188 ± 272.32 | 75.6 ± 22.86 | 25.1 ± 27.10 | 25.9 ± 11.34 | 18.6 ± 20.50 | 19.4 ± 8.66 | 38.9 ± 5.53 | 42.5 ± 0.66 |
Malawi Standard | 10 mg/m3 | 230 µg/m3 | 150 µg/m3 | 25 µg/m3 | 85 dB | |||||
WHO Standard | 10 mg/m3 | N/A | 45 µg/m3 | 15 µg/m3 | 110 dB |
Variable | Noise Level | |
---|---|---|
Dry Season | Wet Season | |
CO | 0.205 (0.177) | 0.062 (0.687) |
TSP | 0.241 (0.110) | 0.401 (0.006) |
PM10 | 0.011 (0.941) | 0.358 (0.016) |
PM2.5 | 0.011 (0.942) | 0.306 (0.041) |
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Utsale, C.C.; Kaonga, C.C.; Thulu, F.G.D.; Kosamu, I.B.M.; Thomson, F.; Chitete-Mawenda, U.; Sakugawa, H. Source Apportionment of Air Quality Parameters and Noise Levels in the Industrial Zones of Blantyre City. Air 2024, 2, 122-141. https://doi.org/10.3390/air2020008
Utsale CC, Kaonga CC, Thulu FGD, Kosamu IBM, Thomson F, Chitete-Mawenda U, Sakugawa H. Source Apportionment of Air Quality Parameters and Noise Levels in the Industrial Zones of Blantyre City. Air. 2024; 2(2):122-141. https://doi.org/10.3390/air2020008
Chicago/Turabian StyleUtsale, Constance Chifuniro, Chikumbusko Chiziwa Kaonga, Fabiano Gibson Daud Thulu, Ishmael Bobby Mphangwe Kosamu, Fred Thomson, Upile Chitete-Mawenda, and Hiroshi Sakugawa. 2024. "Source Apportionment of Air Quality Parameters and Noise Levels in the Industrial Zones of Blantyre City" Air 2, no. 2: 122-141. https://doi.org/10.3390/air2020008