Baicalin inhibits biofilm formation, attenuates the quorum sensing-controlled virulence and enhances Pseudomonas aeruginosa clearance in a mouse peritoneal implant infection model
Fig 3
Baicalin as a co-treatment in combination with three conventional antibiotics to treat 24-h P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilms.
(A) P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilm mass and bacterial counts were quantified after treating pre-existing 24-h biofilms with levofloxacin (1 μg/mL), tobramycin (8 μg/mL) and ceftazidime (2 μg/mL) alone or in combination with various sub-MICs (64, 128, and 256 μg/mL) of baicalin for 24 h. (B) Biofilms were exposed to baicalin (256 μg/mL), levofloxacin (1 μg/mL), tobramycin (8 μg/mL), ceftazidime (2 μg/mL) or a baicalin/antibiotic mixture for 6, 12 and 24 h, and changes in biofilm mass formation and bacterial counts were monitored over time. Experiments were performed in triplicate, and values represent the mean ± standard deviation. *P<0.05 and **P<0.01 compared with the vehicle control group. (C) Images show 24-h biofilms observed by SEM (10,000× magnification). (D) Three-dimensional reconstructions of 24-h P. aeruginosa PAO1 biofilms after staining with the LIVE/DEAD viability kit were created using CLSM (200× magnification).
doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176883.g003