The Relationship between Habitat Loss and Fragmentation during Urbanization: An Empirical Evaluation from 16 World Cities
Fig 4
Different forms of the relationship between habitat loss and habitat fragmentation during urbanization, derived from space-for-time analysis (See Figs K–AD in S4 Appendix for details).
*Landscape metrics include: (1) area metrics, i.e., mean patch size (MPS), total core area (TCA), and normalized TCA (NTCA); (2) density metrics, i.e., patch density (PD) and edge density (ED); (3) shape metrics, i.e., landscape shape index (LSI) and perimeter-area fractal dimension (PAFD); and (4) connectivity metrics, i.e., mean Euclidean nearest neighbor distance (NND), normalized NND (NNND), and Cohesion (See Table 1 for details).
doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0154613.g004