Population Genetic Analysis Reveals a High Genetic Diversity in the Brazilian Cryptococcus gattii VGII Population and Shifts the Global Origin from the Amazon Rainforest to the Semi-arid Desert in the Northeast of Brazil
Fig 2
Minimum spanning tree using the goeBURST algorithm.
(A) Minimum spanning tree using the goeBURST algorithm showing the high diversity identified among the 145 Brazilian Cryptococcus gattii VGII isolates and nine Brazilian sequence types (ST) according to the state where they were recovered. Dividing the country in two macro regions such as North (composing of the States of Amazonas, Roraima, Pará, Piauí, and Bahia) and South (States of Mato Grosso do Sul, São Paulo, and Rio de Janeiro) three main groups can be identified: 1) isolates mainly recovered from the South, representing all isolates derived from the ST301; 2) isolates mainly recovered from the North, representing those originated from the ST7 (VGIIb), and 3) the mixed group, which contains isolates derived from ST281. The main clonal complexes (CC) in each of these groups are: CC40, CC5, and CC20. The ancestors of the CC is highlighted by a black line. (B) Minimum spanning tree using the goeBURST algorithm of the isolates presented in (A), and their comparison with 42 STs identified in different countries previously published. All country abbreviations are designated according to the alpha-2 code of ISO 3166–1. In both figures each circle represents a unique ST, and the circumference is proportional to the number of isolates within each ST. Solid, grey and dashed branches represent at least one, two to three, and more than four or five differences, respectively. All STs are different VGII lineages, only the three PNW outbreak genotypes are labelled specifically as VGIIa (ST20), VGIIb (ST7), and VGIIc (ST6).
doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0004885.g002