Block-Hash Signature (BHS) for Transaction Validation in Smart Contracts for Security and Privacy using Blockchain

Authors

  • Sonika Bhatnagar Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, Government Polytechnic Baheri, Bareilly, India
  • Mohit Dayal Dept. of Applied Science, Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering, New Delhi, India
  • Deepti Singh Dept. of Information Technology, ABES Institute of Technology, Ghaziabad, India
  • Shitiz Upreti Dept.of Information Technology, Asian Education Group (AEG), Noida
  • Kamal Upreti Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, Dr. Akhilesh Das Gupta Institute of Technology and Management, New Delhi, India
  • Jitender Kumar Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, J.C Bose University of Science & Technology, YMCA, Faridabad, Haryana, India

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.13052/jmm1550-4646.1941

Keywords:

Digital signature, Blockchain Security, Hyperledger Fabric, Smart Contract

Abstract

Some of the well-known signature techniques like Winternitz and Lamport are not considered to be very appropriate for the usage of hashing or smart contracts in Blockchains security because of their size O(n2), which is prominently too high. Although in Blockchain, the security concern is on the top priority because of its distributed P2P design still, the security enhancement is required to sign and verify the documents forwarded to the peers, especially in Hyperledger Fabric. Here, this paper presents a new signature technique “Block-Hash” to enhance Blockchain security by using it in smart contracts as well as hashing with size 3Xn bits (n=256, generally for SHA-256 Hashing) and which can score 112 bits security. The proposed signature can be used appropriately for signing a smart contract by the endorser or committer node. Also, it can be used with a hash algorithm in forming a Merkle tree. Apart from the description and implementation of Block-Hash Signature, this paper has covered the analysis of its security and correctness measures with a table for result comparison.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biographies

Sonika Bhatnagar, Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, Government Polytechnic Baheri, Bareilly, India

Sonika Bhatnagar, Lecturer Computer in Department of Computer Science And Engineering at Government Polytechnic Baheri Bareilly. She Completed her M.Tech in Computer Science and Engineering from HR Institute of Technology Ghaziabad affiliated from Dr. A.P.J Kalam Technical University Lucknow.

Mohit Dayal, Dept. of Applied Science, Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering, New Delhi, India

Mohit Dayal is Technical committee Member of IEEE INDIACom international conference, Delhi and Editorial member of International journal of Recent Advances in Science and Technology. He is currently working in Bharati Vidyapeeth’s College of Engineering, Paschim Vihar, New Delhi as an Assistant Professor in Department of Applied Science. He received his master’s degree in Information Security from Ambedkar Institute of Advanced Communication Technologies & Research of Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi. He holds a bachelor’s degree in Computer Science & Engineering from Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi. His research interests include machine learning, Internet of Things, Big Data, Web Application attacks and information security.

Deepti Singh, Dept. of Information Technology, ABES Institute of Technology, Ghaziabad, India

Deepti Singh, Assistant Professor in Department of Information Technology at ABES Institute of Technology, Ghaziabad. She Completed her M.Tech in Information Security from Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi.

Shitiz Upreti, Dept.of Information Technology, Asian Education Group (AEG), Noida

Shitiz Upreti is currently working as an Assistant Professor in the Department of Information Technology, Asian Education Group(AEG), Noida, U.P. He completed his B.Tech and M.Tech in the field of Electronics & Communication Engineering. Also, completed my MBA in the field of Production and Operation Research. Currently, he is pursuing Ph.D. in the field of IT & Wireless Communication Engineering. He has published 7 patents, 4+ books, 10+ research journals in various national and international conferences. His area of interest includes Wireless communication, Machine Learning, Cloud Computing and Data Analytics. He also attended various FDPs and workshops regarding Machine Learning, SPSS & Blockchain Technology.

Kamal Upreti, Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, Dr. Akhilesh Das Gupta Institute of Technology and Management, New Delhi, India

Kamal Upreti is currently working as an Associate Professor in Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Dr. Akhilesh Das Gupta Institute of Technology & Management (Formerly NIEC) affiliated to Guru Govind Singh Indraprastha University, Delhi, India. He is a Corporate Trainer in HCL company in the field of Cyber Security and Data Science. He completed is B. Tech (Hons) Degree from UPTU, M.Tech (Gold Medalist) from Galgotias University, PGDM(Executive) from IMT Ghaziabad and PhD in Computer Science & Engineering. Now, he is doing Postdoc in Project: Study on Smart healthcare monitoring system based on Internet of Things (IoT) from National Taipei University of Business, Taiwan.

He has published 50+

Patents, 35+ Books, 32+ Magazine issues and 60+

Research papers in various international Conferences and reputed Journals. His areas of Interest are Cyber Security, Machine Learning, Health Care, Wireless Networking, Embedded System and Cloud Computing. He is having enriched years’ experience in corporate and teaching experience in Engineering Colleges.

He has attended as a Session Chairperson in National, International conference and key note speaker in various platforms such as Skill based training, Corporate Trainer, Guest faculty and faculty development Programme. He awarded as best teacher, best researcher, extra academic performer and Gold Medalist in M. Tech programme.

Jitender Kumar, Dept. of Computer Science & Engineering, J.C Bose University of Science & Technology, YMCA, Faridabad, Haryana, India

Jitender Kumar is working in SDEC Ghaziabad (UP). He has completed 10th and 12th from Yaduvanshi Shiksha Niketan Mahender Garh (HR.). He has cleared CEET in 2004 and got admission in YMCAIE & Technology Faridabad in B.Tech(IT) Branch. He has cleared GATE-2008 and got admission in YMCAIE & Technology Faridabad in M.Tech(CE). He has cleared NET-21. He has 11 years of Teaching Experience. He was the coordinator of different societies in college and Universities. He has worked in RIET Faridabad, GBPIT Okhla New Delhi, AIT Shakarpur New Delhi, JCBOSE YMCAUST Faridabad.

References

Ekblaw, A. Azaria, J.D. Halamka, A. Lippman, “A case study for blockchain in healthcare: medrec prototype for electronic health records and medical research data”, 2016. URL: https://www.media.mit.edu/publications/medrecwhitepaper/.

S. Huckle, R. Bhattacharya, M. White, N. Beloff, “Internet of things, blockchain and shared economy applications”, Proc. Comput. Sci. 98 (2016) 461–466.

A. Dorri, S.S. Kanhere, R. Jurdak, P. Gauravaram, “Blockchain for iot security and privacy: The case study of a smart home”, in: IEEE Percom Workshop on Security Privacy and Trust in the Internet of Thing, 2017.

Xiaoqi Li, Peng Jiang, Ting Chen, Xiapu Luo, Qiaoyan Wen, “A survey on the security of blockchain systems”, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2017.08.020, Volume 107, June 2020.

P. Bailis, A. Narayanan, A. Miller, and S. Han, “Research for practice: Cryptocurrencies, blockchains, and smart contracts; hardware for deep learning,” Commun. ACM, vol. 60, no. 5, pp. 48–51, 2017.

BlockGeeks. (2017). 17 blockchain applications that are transforming society. [Online]. Available: https://blockgeeks.com/guides/blockchain-applications/

Y. Yuan and F. Wang, “Blockchain and Cryptocurrencies: Model, Techniques, and Applications,” IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems, 48, pp. 1421–1428, (2018).

M. Crosby, Nachiappan, P. Pattanayak, S. Verma, and V. Kalyanaraman, “BlockChain Technology: Beyond Bitcoin,” Applied Innovation Review, 6, pp. 1–16, (2016).

Y. Zhang, J. Wen, The IoT electric business model: Using blockchain technology for the internet of things, Peer-to-Peer Netw. Appl. (2016) 1–12.

J. Sun, J. Yan, K.Z. Zhang, Blockchain-based sharing services: What blockchain technology can contribute to smart cities, Financ. Innov. (2016) 26.

X. Xu, C. Pautasso, L. Zhu, V. Gramoli, A. Ponomarev, A.B. Tran, S. Chen, The blockchain as a software connector, in: The 13th Working IEEE/IFIP Conference on Software Architecture, WICSA, 2016.

E. Nordström, Personal Clouds: Concedo (Master’s thesis), Lulea University of Technology, 2015.

J.S. Czepluch, N.Z. Lollike, S.O. Malone, The use of block chain technology in different application domains, in: The IT University of Copenhagen, 2015, Copenhagen.

Ethereum, Etherscan: The ethereum block explorer, 2017. URL https://www.ethereum.org/.

L. Luu, D.-H. Chu, H. Olickel, P. Saxena, A. Hobor, Making smart contracts smarter, in: The 2016 ACM SIGSAC Conference on Computer and Communications Security, 2016, pp. 254–269.

V. Buterin, Critical update re: Dao vulnerability, 2016. URL https://blog.ethereum.org/2016/06/17/critical-update-re-dao-vulnerability/.

J. Adelstein, Behind the biggest bitcoin heist in history: Inside the implosion of mt.gox, 2016. URL http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/05/19/behind-the-biggest-bitcoin-heist-in-history-inside-the-implosion-of-mt-gox.html.

N. Atzei, M. Bartoletti, T. Cimoli, A survey of attacks on ethereum smart contracts (sok), in: international Conference on Principles of Security and Trust, 2017, pp. 164–186.

Z. Zheng, S. Xie, H.-N. Dai, H. Wang, Blockchain challenges and opportunities: A survey, Internat. J. Web Grid Serv. (2016).

Shuai Wang, Liwei Ouyang, Yong Yuan, Senior Member, IEEE, Xiaochun Ni, Xuan Han, and Fei-Yue Wang, “Blockchain-Enabled Smart Contracts: Architecture, Applications, and Future Trends”, IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems (Volume: 49, Issue: 11, Nov. 2019), DOI: 10.1109/TSMC.2019.2895123.

Jing Liu and Zhentian Liu, “A Survey on Security Verification of Blockchain Smart Contracts” IEEE Access (Volume: 7), DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2921624.

Alboaie, S., Cosovan, D., Chiorean, L., Vaida, M.F.: Lamport n-time signature scheme. In: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Automation, Quality and Testing, Robotics (AQTR), pp. 1–6 (May 2018).

AlTawy, R., Gong, G., He, M., Mandal, K., Rohit, R.: SPIX: an authenticated cipher round 2 candidate to the NIST LWC competition (2019).

Altawy, R., Rohit, R., He, M., Mandal, K., Yang, G., Gong, G.: SLISCP-light: towards hardware optimized sponge-specifific cryptographic permutations. ACM Trans. Embed. Comput. Syst. 17(4), 81:1–81:26 (2018).

Bernstein, D.J., et al.: SPHINCS: practical stateless hash-based signatures. In: Oswald, E., Fischlin, M. (eds.) EUROCRYPT 2015. LNCS, vol. 9056, pp. 368–397. Springer, Heidelberg (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-46800-515

Bertoni, G., Daemen, J., Peeters, M., Van Assche, G.: Sponge functions. In: ECRYPT Hash Workshop, vol. 2007. Citeseer (2007).

Bindel, N., et al.: Submission to NIST’s post-quantum project: lattice-based digital signature scheme qTESLA (2018).

Bosmans, J., Roy, S.S., Jarvinen, K., Verbauwhede, I.: A tiny co-processor for elliptic curve cryptography over the 256-bit NIST prime field. In: 2016 29th International Conference on VLSI Design and 2016 15th International Conference on Embedded Systems (VLSID), pp. 523–528 (January 2016).

Buchmann, J., García, L.C.C., Dahmen, E., D¨oring, M., Klintsevich, E.: CMSS – an improved merkle signature scheme. In: Barua, R., Lange, T. (eds.) INDOCRYPT 2006. LNCS, vol. 4329, pp. 349–363. Springer, Heidelberg (2006). https://doi.org/10.1007/1194137825.

Butin, D.: Hash-based signatures: state of play. IEEE Secur. Priv. 15(4), 37–43 (2017).

Chalkias, K., Brown, J., Hearn, M., Lillehagen, T., Nitto, I., Schroeter, T.: Blockchained post-quantum signatures. In: 2018 IEEE International Conference on Internet of Things (iThings) and IEEE Green Computing and Communications (GreenCom) and IEEE Cyber, Physical and Social Computing (CPSCom) and IEEE Smart Data (SmartData), pp. 1196–1203 (July 2018).

Chalkias, K., Brown, J., Hearn, M., Lillehagen, T., Nitto, I., Schroeter, T.: Blockchained post-quantum signatures. IACR Cryptol. ePrint Arch. 2018, 658 (2018).

Cruz, J.P., Yatani, Y., Kaji, Y.: Constant-sum fifingerprinting for Winternitz one time signature. In: 2016 International Symposium on Information Theory and its Applications (ISITA), pp. 703–707 (October 2016).

Daemen, J., Rijmen, V.: The Design of Rijndael: AES-The Advanced Encryption Standard. Springer, Berlin (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04722-4

Dods, C., Smart, N.P., Stam, M.: Hash based digital signature schemes. In: Smart, N.P.(ed.) Cryptography and Coding 2005. LNCS, vol. 3796, pp. 96–115. Springer, Heidelberg (2005). https://doi.org/10.1007/115868218.

Kumar, Pravin, Dayal, Mohit, Khari, Manju, Fenza, Giuseppe, Gallo, Mariacristina, “NSL-BP: A Meta Classifier Model Based Prediction of Amazon Product Reviews”, International Journal of Interactive Multimedia & Artificial Intelligence. June 2021, Vol. 6 Issue 6, pp. 95–103. 9p.

Radhika Saini, Manju Khari, “Defining Malicious Behavior of a Node and its Defensive Techniques in Ad Hoc Networks”, International Journal of Smart Sensors and Ad Hoc Networks (IJSSAN) Volume-1, Issue-1, 2011.

M. Khari, A. K. Garg, A. H. Gandomi, R. Gupta, R. Patan and B. Balusamy, “Securing Data in Internet of Things (IoT) Using Cryptography and Steganography Techniques,” in IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics: Systems, vol. 50, no. 1, pp. 73–80, Jan. 2020, doi: 10.1109/TSMC.2019.2903785.

N. Singh, M. Dayal, R. S. Raw and S. Kumar, “SQL injection: Types, methodology, attack queries and prevention,” 2016 3rd International Conference on Computing for Sustainable Global Development (INDIACom), 2016, pp. 2872–2876.

K. S. Sahoo et al., “An Evolutionary SVM Model for DDOS Attack Detection in Software Defined Networks,” in IEEE Access, vol. 8, pp. 132502–132513, 2020, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3009733.

Mohit Dayal and Bharti Nagpal, “A compendious investigation of Android malware family”, International Journal of Information Privacy, Security and Integrity-2016, doi: 10.1504/IJIPSI.2016.082127.

Chitrangada Chaubey and Swapnil Raj and Suresh Kaswan, “Security and Privacy Issues in Location Dependent Services for Mobile Communication: A Synergistic Review”, IOP Conf. Ser.: Mater. Sci. Eng. 1149 012007, doi: 10.1088/1757-899x/1149/1/012007.

Faisal Jamil, Muhammad Ibrahim, Israr Ullah, Suyeon Kim, Hyun Kook Kahng, Do-Hyeun Kim, Optimal smart contract for autonomous greenhouse environment based on IoT blockchain network in agriculture, Computers and Electronics in Agriculture, Volume 192, 2022, 106573, ISSN 0168-1699, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2021.106573.

John, A., Reji, A., Manoj, A.P., Premachandran, A., Zachariah, B., Jose, J. (2022), “A Novel Hash Function Based on Hybrid Cellular Automata and Sponge Functions”, In: Das, S., Martinez, G.J. (eds) Proceedings of First Asian Symposium on Cellular Automata Technology. ASCAT 2022. Advances in Intelligent Systems and Computing, vol. 1425. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-0542-1_16.

Grech, A., Camilleri, A.F.: Blockchain in Education. JRC Science for Policy Report, European Commission (2017).

Mezhuyev, V., Al-Emran, M., Fatehah, M., Hong, N.C.: Factors affecting the meta modelling acceptance: a case study from software development companies in Malaysia. IEEE Access. 10(6), 49476–49485 (2018).

Kumar, Nishant, et al. “Blockchain Adoption for Provenance and Traceability in the Retail Food Supply Chain: A Consumer Perspective.” IJEBR vol. 18, no. 2, 2022: pp. 1–17. http://doi.org/10.4018/IJEBR.294110.

Kumar, N., Singh, M., Upreti, K., Mohan, D. (2022). Blockchain Adoption Intention in Higher Education: Role of Trust, Perceived Security and Privacy in Technology Adoption Model. In: Al-Emran, M., Al-Sharafi, M.A., Al-Kabi, M.N., Shaalan, K. (eds) Proceedings of International Conference on Emerging Technologies and Intelligent Systems. ICETIS 2021. Lecture Notes in Networks and Systems, vol. 299. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-82616-1_27.

Kumar, N., Upreti, K., Upreti, S., Shabbir Alam, M., & Agrawal, M. (2021). Blockchain integrated flexible vaccine supply chain architecture: Excavate the determinants of adoption. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 3(5), 1106– 1117. https://doi.org/10.1002/hbe2.302.

Downloads

Published

2023-05-04

How to Cite

Bhatnagar, S. ., Dayal, M. ., Singh, D. ., Upreti, S. ., Upreti, K. ., & Kumar, J. . (2023). Block-Hash Signature (BHS) for Transaction Validation in Smart Contracts for Security and Privacy using Blockchain. Journal of Mobile Multimedia, 19(04), 935–962. https://doi.org/10.13052/jmm1550-4646.1941

Issue

2023: Vol 19 Iss 4

Section

Articles

Most read articles by the same author(s)