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List of Formulae and Normal Table

The document lists formulae for descriptive statistics including: - Mean (μ) calculated as the sum of all values divided by the number of values (N) or the sum of all frequencies divided by the total frequencies. - Standard deviation (σ) calculated as the square root of the variance, which is the sum of the squared deviations from the mean divided by N or the sum of the squared deviations of the frequencies from the mean divided by the total frequencies. - Correlation coefficient (r) calculated as the covariance divided by the product of the standard deviations, where covariance is the sum of the products of standardized scores minus the product of their means.

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68 Ansichten3 Seiten

List of Formulae and Normal Table

The document lists formulae for descriptive statistics including: - Mean (μ) calculated as the sum of all values divided by the number of values (N) or the sum of all frequencies divided by the total frequencies. - Standard deviation (σ) calculated as the square root of the variance, which is the sum of the squared deviations from the mean divided by N or the sum of the squared deviations of the frequencies from the mean divided by the total frequencies. - Correlation coefficient (r) calculated as the covariance divided by the product of the standard deviations, where covariance is the sum of the products of standardized scores minus the product of their means.

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梦魇spirit
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© © All Rights Reserved
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FHMM1034 MATMEMATICS III

List of Formulae

Descriptive Statistics

µ=∑ ∑ fm ∑x −µ ∑ fm − µ
2 2
x
or σ 2
= 2
or 2

N ∑f N ∑f
(∑ x) ( ∑ fm )
2 2

∑ x ∑ fm ∑x ∑ 2
− fm −
2

x=
= or s = n or2 n ,n ∑f
n ∑ f n − 1 n − 1
1 
 2 (∑ f ) − ∑ f  
M −1 f −f 
= LM + 
Median M c = Lm + 
Mode m m b
 c
 fM   ( f m − f a ) + ( f m − f b ) 
 

Probability
n! n n!
n
Pr = =
Cr =
n

(n − r ) !  r  r ! (n − r )!

Probability Distribution
Mean, µ = E ( X ) = ∑ xP( x) Standard deviation, σ = ∑x 2
P( x) − µ 2
 n
Binomial Distribution B(n, p ) P( X = x) =   p x q n− x , q = 1 −=
p µ np=, σ 2 npq
 x
λ x e−λ
Poisson distribution P(λ ) P( X= x=) , = x 0,1, 2,... µ= λ , σ =
2
λ
x!
x−µ
Normal Distribution N ( µ , σ 2 ) z=
σ

Correlation and Regression


(∑ x ) (∑ y)
2
∑x ∑y
2

S XX = ∑ x 2 −
n
=
SYY ∑y 2

n
S XY = ∑ xy −
n
S XY
r= b=
S XY
a = y − bx
S XX SYY S XX
Table 1 Areas in Upper Tail of the Normal Distribution
The function tabulated is 1 − Φ ( z ) where Φ (z ) is the cumulative distribution function of a standardised Normal variable, z. Thus

1 −z2
1 − Φ( z ) =

∫e
z
2
dz is the probability that a standardised Normal variate selected at random will be greater than a value

 x−µ
of z  = .
 σ 
x−µ
.00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09
σ

0.0 .5000 .4960 .4920 .4880 .4840 .4801 .4761 .4721 .4681 .4641
0.1 .4602 .4562 .4522 .4483 .4443 .4404 .4364 .4325 .4286 .4247
0.2 .4207 .4168 .4129 .4090 .4052 .4013 .3974 .3936 .3897 .3859
0.3 .3821 .3783 .3745 .3707 .3669 .3632 .3594 .3557 .3520 .3483
0.4 .3446 .3409 .3372 .3336 .3300 .3264 .3228 .3192 .3156 .3121
0.5 .3085 .3050 .3015 .2981 .2946 .2912 .2877 .2843 .2810 .2776
0.6 .2743 .2709 .2676 .2643 .2611 .2578 .2546 .2514 .2483 .2451
0.7 .2420 .2389 .2358 .2327 .2296 .2266 .2236 .2206 .2177 .2148
0.8 .2119 .2090 .2061 .2033 .2005 .1977 .1949 .1922 .1894 .1867
0.9 .1841 .1814 .1788 .1762 .1736 .1711 .1685 .1660 .1635 .1611
1.0 .1587 .1562 .1539 .1515 .1492 .1469 .1446 .1423 .1401 .1379
1.1 .1357 .1335 .1314 .1292 .1271 .1251 .1230 .1210 .1190 .1170
1.2 .1151 .1131 .1112 .1093 .1075 .1056 .1038 .1020 .1003 .0985
1.3 .0968 .0951 .0934 .0918 .0901 .0885 .0869 .0853 .0838 .0823
1.4 .0808 .0793 .0778 .0764 .0749 .0735 .0721 .0708 .0694 .0681
1.5 .0668 .0655 .0643 .0630 .0618 .0606 .0594 .0582 .0571 .0559
1.6 .0548 .0537 .0526 .0516 .0505 .0495 .0485 .0475 .0465 .0455
1.7 .0446 .0436 .0427 .0418 .0409 .0401 .0392 .0384 .0375 .0367
1.8 .0359 .0351 .0344 .0336 .0329 .0322 .0314 .0307 .0301 .0294
1.9 .0287 .0281 .0274 .0268 .0262 .0256 .0250 .0244 .0239 .0233
2.0 .02275 .02222 .02169 .02118 .02068 .02018 .01970 .01923 .01876 .01831
2.1 .01786 .01743 .01700 .01659 .01618 .01578 .01539 .01500 .01463 .01426
2.2 .01390 .01355 .01321 .01287 .01255 .01222 .01191 .01160 .01130 .01101
2.3 .01072 .01044 .01017 .00990 .00964 .00939 .00914 .00889 .00866 .00842
2.4 .00820 .00798 .00776 .00755 .00734 .00714 .00695 .00676 .00657 .00639
2.5 .00621 .00604 .00587 .00570 .00554 .00539 .00523 .00508 .00494 .00480
2.6 .00466 .00453 .00440 .00427 .00415 .00402 .00391 .00379 .00368 .00357
2.7 .00347 .00336 .00326 .00317 .00307 .00298 .00289 .00280 .00272 .00264
2.8 .00256 .00248 .00240 .00233 .00226 .00219 .00212 .00205 .00199 .00193
2.9 .00187 .00181 .00175 .00169 .00164 .00159 .00154 .00149 .00144 .00139
3.0 .00135 .00131 .00126 .00122 .00118 .00114 .00111 .00107 .00104 .00100
3.1 .00097 .00094 .00090 .00087 .00084 .00082 .00079 .00076 .00074 .00071
3.2 .00069 .00066 .00064 .00062 .00060 .00058 .00056 .00054 .00052 .00050
3.3 .00048 .00047 .00045 .00043 .00042 .00040 .00039 .00038 .00036 .00035
3.4 .00034 .00032 .00031 .00030 .00029 .00028 .00027 .00026 .00025 .00024
3.5 .00023 .00022 .00022 .00021 .00020 .00019 .00019 .00018 .00017 .00017
3.6 .00016 .00015 .00015 .00014 .00014 .00013 .00013 .00012 .00012 .00011
3.7 .000108 .000104 .000100 .000096 .000092 .000088 .000085 .000082 .000078 .000075
3.8 .000072 .000069 .000067 .000064 .000062 .000059 .000057 .000054 .000052 .000050
3.9 .000048 .000046 .000044 .000042 .000041 .000039 .000037 .000036 .000034 .000033
4.0 .000032
5.0 → 0.000 000 286 7 5.5 → 0.000 000 019 0 6.0 → 0.000 000 001 0
Table 2 Percentage Points of the Normal Distribution
The table gives the 100 α percentage points, zα of a standardized normal distribution where

1 − z2
α=
2π ∫e

2
dz.

Thus zα is the value of a standardized normal variate which has probability α of being exceeded.

α zα α zα α zα α zα α zα α zα

.50 0.0000 .050 1.6449 .030 1.8808 .020 2.0537 .010 2.3263 .050 1.6449
.45 0.1257 .048 1.6646 .029 1.8957 .019 2.0749 .009 2.3656 .010 2.3263
.40 0.2533 .046 1.6849 .028 1.9910 .018 2.0969 .008 2.4089 .001 3.0902
.35 0.3853 .044 1.7060 .027 1.9268 .017 2.1201 .007 2.4573 .000 1 3.7190
.30 0.5244 .042 1.7279 .026 1.9431 .016 2.1444 .006 2.5121 .000 01 4.2649

.25 0.6745 .040 1.7507 .025 1.9600 .015 2.1701 .005 2.5758 .025 1.9600
.20 0.8416 .038 1.7744 .024 1.9774 .014 2.1973 .004 2.6521 .005 2.5758
.15 1.0364 .036 1.7991 .023 1.9954 .013 2.2262 .003 2.7478 .000 5 3.2905
.10 1.2816 .034 1.8250 .022 2.0141 .012 2.2571 .002 2.8782 .000 05 3.8906
.05 1.6449 .032 1.8522 .021 2.0335 .011 2.2904 .001 3.0902 .000 005 4.4172

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