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- Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws, in which he argued for a constitutional government with three separate branches, each of which would have defined abilities to check the powers of the others. This philosophy heavily influenced the drafting of the United States Constitution, according to which the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. The American form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances. During the Age of Enlightenment, philosophers such as Montesquieu advocated the principle in their writings, whereas others, such as Thomas Hobbes, strongly opposed it. Montesquieu was one of the foremost supporters of separating the legislature, the executive, and the judiciary. His writings considerably influenced the Founding Fathers of the United States, such as Alexander Hamilton, who participated in the Constitutional Convention of 1787 which drafted the Constitution. Some U.S. states did not observe a strict separation of powers in the 18th century. In New Jersey, the governor also functioned as a member of the state's highest court and as the presiding officer of one house of the New Jersey Legislature. The president of Delaware was a member of the Court of Appeals; the presiding officers of the two houses of the state legislature also served in the executive department as vice presidents. In both Delaware and Pennsylvania, members of the executive council served at the same time as judges. On the other hand, many southern states explicitly required separation of powers. Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina and Georgia all kept the branches of government "separate and distinct." (en)
- 權力分立（Separation of powers）是一個政治學說，其主張政府的行政、立法與司法職權範圍要分明，以免濫用權力。 此學說起源可追溯至古希臘，而其後被英國與法國的哲學家進一步發展。在美國憲法裡，權力分立這詞從未出現，但其有著清晰的指示。其指出「所有立法權力皆由美国国会所有」、「行政權力則由美国总统所有」、「司法權力由一個美國最高法院和一些可以由國會隨時下令設立的次級法院所有」。憲法通過將政府權力一分為三，以達至權力制衡，防止權力集中與濫權。 雖然美國憲法並沒有规定各州政府也需要將權力三分，而只須為共和政體即可，但是大部份州政府均奉行權力分立，有著州政府、州議會（除內布拉斯加州的一院制州議會外，均實行兩院制州議會，即州參議院和州眾議院）、與州最高法院。雖然美國長期奉行權力分立，但在實際上，三權均互相操作並具有政治性質，例如美國最高法院大法官由總統提名，經國會參議院通過任命，提名程序具有強烈的政治色彩。 (zh)
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- 權力分立（Separation of powers）是一個政治學說，其主張政府的行政、立法與司法職權範圍要分明，以免濫用權力。 此學說起源可追溯至古希臘，而其後被英國與法國的哲學家進一步發展。在美國憲法裡，權力分立這詞從未出現，但其有著清晰的指示。其指出「所有立法權力皆由美国国会所有」、「行政權力則由美国总统所有」、「司法權力由一個美國最高法院和一些可以由國會隨時下令設立的次級法院所有」。憲法通過將政府權力一分為三，以達至權力制衡，防止權力集中與濫權。 雖然美國憲法並沒有规定各州政府也需要將權力三分，而只須為共和政體即可，但是大部份州政府均奉行權力分立，有著州政府、州議會（除內布拉斯加州的一院制州議會外，均實行兩院制州議會，即州參議院和州眾議院）、與州最高法院。雖然美國長期奉行權力分立，但在實際上，三權均互相操作並具有政治性質，例如美國最高法院大法官由總統提名，經國會參議院通過任命，提名程序具有強烈的政治色彩。 (zh)
- Separation of powers is a political doctrine originating in the writings of Charles de Secondat, Baron de Montesquieu in The Spirit of the Laws, in which he argued for a constitutional government with three separate branches, each of which would have defined abilities to check the powers of the others. This philosophy heavily influenced the drafting of the United States Constitution, according to which the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial branches of the United States government are kept distinct in order to prevent abuse of power. The American form of separation of powers is associated with a system of checks and balances. (en)
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