| dbo:abstract
|
- Una cítola (també escrit Sytole, Cytiole, Gytolle, etc.; probablement diminutiu en occità de cithare, i no del llatí cista, caixa), és un antic instrument musical, la forma exacta del qual és dubtosa. En general es mostra com un instrument de quatre cordes, amb un cos amb una forma que generalment es coneix com a "fulla de grèvol". (ca)
- The citole was a string musical instrument, closely associated with the medieval fiddles (viol, vielle, gigue) and commonly used from 1200–1350. It was known by other names in various languages: cedra, cetera, cetola, cetula, cistola, citola, citula, citera, chytara, cistole, cithar, cuitole, cythera, cythol, cytiole, cytolys, gytolle, sitole, sytholle, sytole, and zitol. Like the modern guitar, it was manipulated at the neck to get different notes, and picked or strummed with a plectrum (the citole's pick was long, thick, straight and likely made of ivory or wood). Although it was largely out of use by the late 14th century, the Italians "re-introduced it in modified form" in the 16th century as the cetra (cittern in English), and it may have influenced the development of the guitar as well. It was also a pioneering instrument in England, introducing the populace to necked, plucked instruments, giving people the concepts needed to quickly switch to the newly arriving lutes and gitterns. Two possible descendant instrument are the Portuguese guitar and the Corsican Cetera, both types of cittern. It is known today mainly from art and literary sources. Early examples include Provençal poetry (there called the citola) from the 12th century; however it was more widely displayed in medieval artwork during the 13th and 14th centuries in manuscript miniatures and in sculpture. The art did not show uniformly shaped instrument, but instead an instrument with numerous variations. The variety shown in art has led the instrument to be called "ambiguous". From the artwork, scholars know that it was generally a four-string instrument, and could have anything from a "holly-leaf" to a rounded guitar shaped body (that can be called a "T-shaped" body). While paintings and sculpture exist, only one instrument has survived the centuries. The sole survivor, associated with Warwick Castle, was made around 1290–1300. It is now preserved in the British Museum's collection. At some point, probably in the sixteenth century, it was converted into a violin-type instrument with a tall bridge, 'f'-holes and angled fingerboard; thus, the instrument's top is not representative of its original appearance. That instrument contributed to a great deal of confusion. It was labeled a violin in the 18th century, a gittern in the early 20th century and finally a citole, beginning after 1977. That confusion is itself illustrative of the confusion about the nature of citoles and gitterns; once the instruments and their traditions were gone, scholars in later centuries didn't know which images and sculpture went with which names from poetry and other literature. Additionally, scholars have translated passages in such a way that literature itself can not always be trusted. One example cited by the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica: a specific reference to the citole may be found in Wycliffe's Bible (1360) in 2 Samuel vi. 5: "Harpis and sitols and tympane". However, the Authorized Version has psalteries, and the Vulgate lyrae. The Britannica also supposed that the citole has been supposed to be another name for the psaltery, a box-shaped instrument often seen in the illuminated missals of the Middle Ages, also liable to confusion with the gittern. Whether the terms overlapped in medieval usage has been the subject of modern controversy. The controversy of citole versus gittern was largely resolved in a 1977 article by Lawrence Wright, called The Medieval Gittern and Citole: A Case of Mistaken Identity. (en)
- Die Citole ist eine mittelalterliche, gezupfte Schalenhalslaute mit vier (seltener drei und fünf) Saiten, die besonders vom 13. bis zur Mitte des 14. Jahrhunderts verbreitet war. (de)
- La cítola o Citole también escrito Sytole, Cytiole, Gytolle, etc (probablemente diminutivo del francés cithare, y no del Latín cista, caja), es un antiguo instrumento musical, cuya forma exacta es dudosa. En general se muestra como un instrumento de cuatro cuerdas, con un cuerpo que generalmente se conoce como "hoja de acebo". Existe un instrumento superviviente, que data de alrededor de 1300 y procede del Castillo de Warwick, actualmente se encuentra en el Museo Británico. Este citole fue convertido en violín probablemente hacia el siglo XVI. Por lo que no da una imagen completa de cómo era el instrumento. La cítola se menciona con frecuencia en poemas que van del siglo XIII al siglo XV, y se encuentra citada en la (1360) en 2 Samuel vi.5, se puede leer: "Harpis and sitols and tympane". En la versión autorizada de la Biblia dicePsalteri, y en la Vulgata:Lyrae. Esto hizo suponer durante un tiempo que se trataba de otro nombre para el salterio, un instrumento con forma de caja que aparece a menudo en los misales iluminados de la Edad Media. (es)
- La citole, maurache, ou guitare sarrazine, est un instrument à cordes pincées archaïque en usage jusqu'au XIVe siècle, ancêtre du cistre. Elle est issue d'instruments du Moyen-Orient sans doute introduits dans la péninsule Ibérique entre les VIIIe et XVe siècles par les Arabo-berbères d'Al-Andalus. Elle est devenue par la suite un instrument médiéval européen à part entière. De formes variées, la citole possède généralement quatre cordes en métal ou en boyaux, attachées sur un manche très court. Elle est considérée comme l'ancêtre du cistre et de la guitare portugaise. (fr)
- La citola (probabilmente dal diminutivo francese di cithara, e non dal latino cista, scatola) è uno strumento musicale arcaico del quale non si conosce l'esatta forma originale. Viene generalmente descritto come uno strumento ad arco dotato di quattro corde, con un corpo generalmente denominato a "foglia di agrifoglio". Sarebbe uno strumento risalente al Trecento il cui unico esemplare noto venne trovato nel castello di Warwick, ora esposto al British Museum, anche se in un periodo più tardo fu trasformato in un violino con il ponte alto, fori ad f e tastiera angolata: l'immagine a lato non è rappresentativa del suo aspetto originario. La citola è frequentemente menzionata da poeti dal XIII fino al XV secolo, e si trova nella Bibbia Wycliffe (1360) in 2 Samuele 6,5: "Harpis and sitols and tympane". Le traduzioni più usate riportano cetra (C.E.I.), salterio (Riveduta). Si è pensato che possa essere un altro nome del salterio. Questo strumento prende la discendenza prima del violino. (it)
- シトル（Citole,Sytole,Cytiole,Gytolleなど）とは、ヨーロッパの古楽器である。もともとはキタラのような形だったものが、時代が下るにつれリュート形になり、16世紀頃にはヴァイオリンのような形に変わった。 (ja)
- De citole, ook wel gespeld Sytole, Cytiole, Gytolle, et cetera (waarschijnlijk een Frans verkleinwoord van cithara en niet afkomstig van het Latijnse cista, wat doos betekent) is een archaïsch muziekinstrument waarvan de exacte vorm onbekend is. Het is voornamelijk weergegeven als een instrument met vier snaren en een basis, die in het algemeen wordt aangeduid als 'hulstbladvormig' (holly-leaf shaped). Er is nog één bestaand exemplaar van het instrument, uit de periode rond 1300. Deze kwam uit het Warwick Castle en ligt nu in het British Museum. De citole wordt vaak genoemd door dichters uit de 13e tot de 15e eeuw, en is te vinden in de (1360) in 2. Samuel vi. 5: "Harpis and sitols and tympane". De Authorized Version (King James-vertaling) spreekt over psalteria, en de Vulgaat over lieren. (nl)
|
| dbo:thumbnail
| |
| dbo:wikiPageExternalLink
| |
| dbo:wikiPageID
| |
| dbo:wikiPageLength
|
- 50502 (xsd:nonNegativeInteger)
|
| dbo:wikiPageRevisionID
| |
| dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
| |
| dbp:align
| |
| dbp:alt
|
- Cythara or plucked fiddle (en)
|
| dbp:caption
|
- A reconstruction of a medieval citole (en)
- Constantinople, c. 1066, Theodore Psalter. Labeled "Guitar fiddle" by Kathleen Schlesinger. Brought to England by the Normans. (en)
- Spain, c. 1175, Ryland Beautus. Labeled citole by Laurence Wright. Could also be called cythara, Spanish guitar, plucked fiddle, or vielle. (en)
- England. 1776 engraving of Warwick Castle citole by Sir J. Hawkins (en)
- Spain, c. 1175, Ryland Psalter. Labeled citole by Laurence Wright. Art from the Rylands Beatus c. 1175. (en)
- Closeup of French citole in School of Mont-Saint-Michel, ms 222 Bibliothèque d'Avranches. (en)
- Closeup of Robert de Lisle citole, showing the bridge and its position on the soundboard. (en)
- Italy. Ducal Palace Studiolo Cittern or late citole showing the remains of the citole thumb hole, as a hook on the back of the neck, 1478–1482. Soundholes drilled in soundboard in a circle, with soundboard rose. Two soundholes in side of instrument. (en)
- England. British Museum Citole , with three of the holly-leaf points . (en)
|
| dbp:classification
| |
| dbp:developed
| |
| dbp:direction
|
- horizontal (en)
- vertical (en)
|
| dbp:footer
|
- ': An angel as a citoler in the English Psalter of Robert De Lisle, c. 1310; ': Castile/Spain, c. 1300–1340. The left instrument has been called both citole and guitarra latina. It seems to lack the citole's deep neck, trefoil, and vestigial wings, but the body shape resembles the citole, and it has the sound holes in each corner and the circle of sound holes in the center. Right instrument has been called guitarra morisca. (en)
- Documents created during the Carolingian Renaissance. The images may be based on earlier drawings of European cythara or they may document a "revival of the Roman kithara." (en)
- ': Parma, Italy, c. 1180. Sculpture by Benedetto Antelami. "Earliest datable citole." Shows bridge, center of soundboard; ': Spain, c. 1175. Citole or plucked fiddle player from Rylands Beatus. These instruments labeled citole by Laurence Wright (en)
- ': Southwest France, St Savin citole with 5 stings and pegs on side. Soundholes in four corners and in the center ; ': England, Citole from Queen Mary Psalter c. 1320 showing top view of instrument, with 4 strings, a European style sound-hole with rose, and an animal neck peg box with pegs on side. (en)
- : Tours, France. A musician playing a cithara that has a neck between the instrument's arms, from the mid-9th-century First Bible of Charles the Bald. The arched section at the top is Winternitz's yoke; : Reims, France. Player with lute-like cithara from the 9th-century Utrecht Psalter. The cithara's arms have become wings on the top corners, the yoke become the fleur-de-lys; : Paris, France. A cythara being held as a citole would. The round knob at the instrument's bottom is also common to the citole, where it can also have the shape of a trefoil. The yoke is the oversized peghead. (en)
- Both instruments show a ring at the instrument's bottom. The strings go to the rings, but the rings don't appear to be fastened. One ring appears to be a hole. (en)
- Instruments not labeled are subject to researchers' guesses. Fiddles were not necessarily bowed but could be both bowed or plucked. Musicians called their instruments cythara or cithara when they wanted to invoke the Greek instrument's reputed magic over human emotions. On their "fingerboard cithara " luthiers incorporated decorative "lyre-like elements to their design to strengthen their claims to the name." (en)
|
| dbp:footerBackground
| |
| dbp:header
|
- Unidentified fiddles, bowed and plucked (en)
|
| dbp:hornbostelSachs
| |
| dbp:hornbostelSachsDesc
|
- Chordophone with permanently attached resonator and neck, sounded by a plectrum (en)
|
| dbp:image
|
- Cithara from Utrecht Psalter Psalm 42.jpg (en)
- Lute Charles the Bald Bible.jpg (en)
- Cythara first illustration from Stuttgart Psalter.jpg (en)
- Studiolo from the Ducal Palace in Gubbio, cittern.jpg (en)
- Citole Robert De Lisle Psalter.jpg (en)
- Citole circa 1320.jpg (en)
- Citole parts.jpg (en)
- Citole, rosette by Benedetto Antelami, Parma.jpg (en)
- Citole.jpg (en)
- Closeup of citole from Robert de Lisle psalter.jpg (en)
- Cropped citole from MS 222.jpg (en)
- Guitar latina morisca.jpg (en)
- Rylands Beatus Cythara 1.jpg (en)
- Rylands Beatus Cythara 2.jpg (en)
- Rylands Beatus Cythara 3.png (en)
- Sir J. Hawkins - 1776 - Citole.jpg (en)
- Theodore Psalter Guitar Fiddle.png (en)
- Citole_from_the_Abbey_of_Saint-Savin_in_the_Pyrenees.jpg (en)
|
| dbp:imageCapt
|
- Citole made c. 1300, exhibited (en)
- at the British Museum (en)
|
| dbp:imageSize
| |
| dbp:name
| |
| dbp:page
| |
| dbp:related
| |
| dbp:totalWidth
|
- 200 (xsd:integer)
- 250 (xsd:integer)
- 300 (xsd:integer)
- 350 (xsd:integer)
- 400 (xsd:integer)
|
| dbp:volume
| |
| dbp:width
| |
| dbp:wikiPageUsesTemplate
| |
| dbp:wstitle
| |
| dct:subject
| |
| rdfs:comment
|
- Una cítola (també escrit Sytole, Cytiole, Gytolle, etc.; probablement diminutiu en occità de cithare, i no del llatí cista, caixa), és un antic instrument musical, la forma exacta del qual és dubtosa. En general es mostra com un instrument de quatre cordes, amb un cos amb una forma que generalment es coneix com a "fulla de grèvol". (ca)
- Die Citole ist eine mittelalterliche, gezupfte Schalenhalslaute mit vier (seltener drei und fünf) Saiten, die besonders vom 13. bis zur Mitte des 14. Jahrhunderts verbreitet war. (de)
- La citole, maurache, ou guitare sarrazine, est un instrument à cordes pincées archaïque en usage jusqu'au XIVe siècle, ancêtre du cistre. Elle est issue d'instruments du Moyen-Orient sans doute introduits dans la péninsule Ibérique entre les VIIIe et XVe siècles par les Arabo-berbères d'Al-Andalus. Elle est devenue par la suite un instrument médiéval européen à part entière. De formes variées, la citole possède généralement quatre cordes en métal ou en boyaux, attachées sur un manche très court. Elle est considérée comme l'ancêtre du cistre et de la guitare portugaise. (fr)
- シトル（Citole,Sytole,Cytiole,Gytolleなど）とは、ヨーロッパの古楽器である。もともとはキタラのような形だったものが、時代が下るにつれリュート形になり、16世紀頃にはヴァイオリンのような形に変わった。 (ja)
- The citole was a string musical instrument, closely associated with the medieval fiddles (viol, vielle, gigue) and commonly used from 1200–1350. It was known by other names in various languages: cedra, cetera, cetola, cetula, cistola, citola, citula, citera, chytara, cistole, cithar, cuitole, cythera, cythol, cytiole, cytolys, gytolle, sitole, sytholle, sytole, and zitol. Like the modern guitar, it was manipulated at the neck to get different notes, and picked or strummed with a plectrum (the citole's pick was long, thick, straight and likely made of ivory or wood). Although it was largely out of use by the late 14th century, the Italians "re-introduced it in modified form" in the 16th century as the cetra (cittern in English), and it may have influenced the development of the guitar as we (en)
- La cítola o Citole también escrito Sytole, Cytiole, Gytolle, etc (probablemente diminutivo del francés cithare, y no del Latín cista, caja), es un antiguo instrumento musical, cuya forma exacta es dudosa. En general se muestra como un instrumento de cuatro cuerdas, con un cuerpo que generalmente se conoce como "hoja de acebo". Existe un instrumento superviviente, que data de alrededor de 1300 y procede del Castillo de Warwick, actualmente se encuentra en el Museo Británico. Este citole fue convertido en violín probablemente hacia el siglo XVI. Por lo que no da una imagen completa de cómo era el instrumento. (es)
- La citola (probabilmente dal diminutivo francese di cithara, e non dal latino cista, scatola) è uno strumento musicale arcaico del quale non si conosce l'esatta forma originale. Viene generalmente descritto come uno strumento ad arco dotato di quattro corde, con un corpo generalmente denominato a "foglia di agrifoglio". Sarebbe uno strumento risalente al Trecento il cui unico esemplare noto venne trovato nel castello di Warwick, ora esposto al British Museum, anche se in un periodo più tardo fu trasformato in un violino con il ponte alto, fori ad f e tastiera angolata: l'immagine a lato non è rappresentativa del suo aspetto originario. (it)
- De citole, ook wel gespeld Sytole, Cytiole, Gytolle, et cetera (waarschijnlijk een Frans verkleinwoord van cithara en niet afkomstig van het Latijnse cista, wat doos betekent) is een archaïsch muziekinstrument waarvan de exacte vorm onbekend is. Het is voornamelijk weergegeven als een instrument met vier snaren en een basis, die in het algemeen wordt aangeduid als 'hulstbladvormig' (holly-leaf shaped). Er is nog één bestaand exemplaar van het instrument, uit de periode rond 1300. Deze kwam uit het Warwick Castle en ligt nu in het British Museum. (nl)
|
| rdfs:label
|
- Citole (en)
- Cítola (ca)
- Citole (de)
- Citole (es)
- Citole (fr)
- Citola (it)
- シトル (ja)
- Citole (nl)
|
| owl:sameAs
| |
| prov:wasDerivedFrom
| |
| foaf:depiction
| |
| foaf:isPrimaryTopicOf
| |
| is dbo:wikiPageRedirects
of | |
| is dbo:wikiPageWikiLink
of | |
| is dbp:related
of | |
| is foaf:primaryTopic
of | |
_by_Benedetto_Antelami,_Parma.jpg){kind=link}
