Umbrier

Umbrierne (latin: umbri), eller umbrer, var et italisk folk i antikkens Italien.^[1] En region kaldet Umbrien eksisterer stadig og er i dag besat af italiensk-talende. Regionen er i dag noget mindre end antikkens Umbrien.

De fleste byer i oldtidens Umbrien blev bosat i det 9.-4. århundrede f.Kr. på let forsvarlige bakketoppe. Umbrien var omkranset af floderne Tiberen og Nar og omfattede Apenninernes skråninger ved Adriaterhavet. Det gamle umbriske sprog er en gren af en gruppe kaldet oskisk-umbrisk, som er beslægtet med de latinsk-faliskanske sprog.^[2]

Oprindelse

Folkeslaget blev også kaldt Ombrii i nogle romerske kilder. Antikkens romerske forfattere troede, at umbrierne var af gallisk oprindelse.^[3] Cornelius Bocchus skrev, at de nedstammede fra en gammel gallisk stamme.^[4] Plutarch skrev, at navnet kunne være en anden måde at skrive navnet på en nordeuropæisk stamme, Ambrones, og at begge etnonymer var beslægtet med "Kongen af bojerne".^[5] Imidlertid forvekslede både græske og romerske lærde nogle gange keltiske og germanske folk. De historiske Ambrones opstod i eller omkring Jylland, var tilsyneladende et germansk-talende folk, og der er ikke fundet beviser for, at de havde en tilknytning til de keltiske folk i sig selv. Livius foreslog, at insubrerne – en anden gallisk stamme – kunne have forbindelse umbrierne. Deres keltiske navn Isombres kunne muligvis betyde "Nedre Umbrier" eller indbyggere i landet under Umbrien.^[6] Tilsvarende definerer den romerske historiker Cato den Ældre, i sit mesterværk Origines, gallerne som "umbriernes stamfædre".^[7] Ambronerne nævnes også, med langobarderne og svebere, blandt stammerne i Nordeuropa i digtet Widsith.^[8]^[9]

Antikkens græske historikere betragtede umbrierne som forfædrene til det sabelliske folk – altsåsabinerne og samniterne, og de stammer, der udsprang fra dem, som marserne, marrucinerene, pelignerne, picenerne, hirpinerne og andre.^[10]^[11]^[12] Deres ekspansion var i sydlig retning, i henhold til ritualet til Ver Sacrum.^[13]

Referencer

^ Pliny (1961). "Chapter 19". Natural History with an English translation in ten volumes by H. Rackham. Vol. 3. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. s. paragraphs 112–113.
^ A grammar of Oscan and Umbrian : with a collection of inscriptions and a glossary. Robarts - University of Toronto. Boston : Ginn. 1904.{{cite book}}: CS1-vedligeholdelse: others (link)
^ Cambrian Institute (1862). The Cambrian Journal. Forgotten Books. s. 118. ISBN 1332838049. From Caius Sempronius (De Divis. Ital.,); "The portion of the Apennines from the sources of the Tiber to the Nar, the Umbri inhabit, the oldest stock of the Old Gael, (Veteres Galli), as Augustus writes." [Apenninum colunt Ligures, portionem vero Apennini inhabitant Umbri, prima veterum Gallorum proies, ut Augustus scribit.]
^ Prichard, James Cowles (1841). Ethnography of Europe. 3d ed. 1841 (engelsk). Houlston & Stoneman. Solinus informs us that Bocchus, a writer who has been several times cited by Pliny, reported the Umbri to have been descended from the ancient Gauls; and a similar account of their origin has been adopted, either from the same or from different testimony, by Servius, Isidore, and other writers of a late period.
^ Boardman, John (1988). The Cambridge ancient history: Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean c. 525–479 BC. s. 716.
^ LEMPRIERE (D.D.), John (1833). A Classical Dictionary ... A new edition, revised and considerably enlarged, by the Rev. T. Smith (engelsk).
^ Storia d'Italia del medio-evo e codice diplomatico Longobardo. 1839. s. 253.
^ Widsith, lines 31-33
^ Plutarch, The Lives, The Life of Marius.
^ Strabo, Geography, book 4, 7 BCE, p. 465, Alexandria,
^ Dionysius of Halicarnassus. "Book II.49". Roman Antiquities. But Zenodotus of Troezen, a...historian, relates that the Umbrians, a native race, first dwelt in the Reatine territory, as it is called, and that, being driven from there by the Pelasgians, they came into the country which they now inhabit and changing their name with their place of habitation, from Umbrians were called Sabines. But Porcius Cato says that the Sabine race received its name from Sabus, the son of Sancus, a divinity of that country, and that this Sancus was by some called Jupiter Fidius.
^ Dyer, Thomas Henry (1868). The History of the Kings of Rome (engelsk). Bell and Daldy. ISBN 978-0-8046-1199-2.
^ Ancillotti, Augusto; Cerri, Romolo (1996). Le tavole di Gubbio e la civiltà degli Umbri: lo "scavo nelle parole" del testo iguvino mostra tutta la specificità della cultura umbra e fa emergere le tracce di una grande civiltà del passato, degna di stare alla pari di quella etrusca e di quella romana (italiensk). Jama.

[Pliny-1] Pliny (1961). "Chapter 19". Natural History with an English translation in ten volumes by H. Rackham. Vol. 3. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. s. paragraphs 112–113.

[2] A grammar of Oscan and Umbrian : with a collection of inscriptions and a glossary. Robarts - University of Toronto. Boston : Ginn. 1904.{{cite book}}: CS1-vedligeholdelse: others (link)

[3] Cambrian Institute (1862). The Cambrian Journal. Forgotten Books. s. 118. ISBN 1332838049. From Caius Sempronius (De Divis. Ital.,); "The portion of the Apennines from the sources of the Tiber to the Nar, the Umbri inhabit, the oldest stock of the Old Gael, (Veteres Galli), as Augustus writes." [Apenninum colunt Ligures, portionem vero Apennini inhabitant Umbri, prima veterum Gallorum proies, ut Augustus scribit.]

[4] Prichard, James Cowles (1841). Ethnography of Europe. 3d ed. 1841 (engelsk). Houlston & Stoneman. Solinus informs us that Bocchus, a writer who has been several times cited by Pliny, reported the Umbri to have been descended from the ancient Gauls; and a similar account of their origin has been adopted, either from the same or from different testimony, by Servius, Isidore, and other writers of a late period.

[boardman-5] Boardman, John (1988). The Cambridge ancient history: Persia, Greece and the Western Mediterranean c. 525–479 BC. s. 716.

[6] LEMPRIERE (D.D.), John (1833). A Classical Dictionary ... A new edition, revised and considerably enlarged, by the Rev. T. Smith (engelsk).

[7] Storia d'Italia del medio-evo e codice diplomatico Longobardo. 1839. s. 253.

[8] Widsith, lines 31-33

[9] Plutarch, The Lives, The Life of Marius.

[10] Strabo, Geography, book 4, 7 BCE, p. 465, Alexandria,

[11] Dionysius of Halicarnassus. "Book II.49". Roman Antiquities. But Zenodotus of Troezen, a...historian, relates that the Umbrians, a native race, first dwelt in the Reatine territory, as it is called, and that, being driven from there by the Pelasgians, they came into the country which they now inhabit and changing their name with their place of habitation, from Umbrians were called Sabines. But Porcius Cato says that the Sabine race received its name from Sabus, the son of Sancus, a divinity of that country, and that this Sancus was by some called Jupiter Fidius.

[12] Dyer, Thomas Henry (1868). The History of the Kings of Rome (engelsk). Bell and Daldy. ISBN 978-0-8046-1199-2.

[13] Ancillotti, Augusto; Cerri, Romolo (1996). Le tavole di Gubbio e la civiltà degli Umbri: lo "scavo nelle parole" del testo iguvino mostra tutta la specificità della cultura umbra e fa emergere le tracce di una grande civiltà del passato, degna di stare alla pari di quella etrusca e di quella romana (italiensk). Jama.

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