Gastroenteritis
Gastroenteritis | |
---|---|
Cyfystyron | gastro, llid y stumog a'r coluddyn, firws y stumog, ffliw'r stumog, ffliw gastrig |
Firysau: A = rotavirus, B = adenovirus, C = norovirus and D = astrovirus. | |
Dosbarthiad ac adnoddau allanol | |
Arbenigedd | Clefydau heintus |
ICD-10 | A02.0, A08., A09., J10.8, J11.8, K52. |
ICD-9-CM | 008.8 009.0, 009.1, 558 |
DiseasesDB | 30726 |
MedlinePlus | 000252 000254 |
eMedicine | emerg/213 |
MeSH | D005759 |
Llid y llwybr treuliad sy'n cynnwys y stumog a'r coluddyn bach yw gastroenteritis (neu lid y stumog a'r coluddyn neu ddolur rhydd heintus).[1] Mae ei symptomau'n cynnwys rhyw gyfuniad o ddolur rhydd, chwydu a phoen bol.[2] Gall fod twymyn, diffyg nerth a dadhydriad hefyd.[3][4] Bydd hyn yn parhau am lai na phythefnos.[1]
Firysau sy'n achosi'r rhan fwyaf o gastroenteritis[5] ond bacteria, parasitiaid a ffwng all fod yn gyfrifol hefyd.[3][5] Mewn plant, rotafirws yw'r achos mwyaf cyffredin o afiechyd difrifol;[6] mewn oedolion, norofirws a Champylobacter sy'n gyffredin.[7][8] Gellir ei ddal drwy fwyta bwyd heb ei baratoi'n gywir, drwy yfed dŵr budur neu drwy gyffyrddiad agos â rhywun arall â'r llid. Nid oes rhaid gwneud profion er mwyn cadarnhau diagnosis, fel afer.[3]
Gellir peidio â dal gastroenteritis drwy olchi'r dwylo â sebon, yfed dŵr glân, gwaredu gwastraff dynol yn gall a rhoi'r fron i fabanod yn hytrach na defnyddio llaeth fformiwla.[3] Argymhellir i blant gael brechiad rotafirws.[3][6] Mae'r driniaeth yn golygu cael digonedd o hylif. Mewn achosion ysgafn a chanolig, gwneir hyn fel arfer drwy yfed hydoddiant ailhydradu, sef cyfuniad o ddŵr, halen a siwgr. Mewn plant sy'n cael eu bwydo o'r fron, dylid parhau i roi'r fron iddynt. Mewn achosion difrifol, bydd angen rhoi hylifau mewnwythiennol neu "drip".[3] Gall claf gael yr hylifau i'r stumog trwy diwb trwy'r trwyn hefyd.[9] Dylai plant â'r haint gael sinc[3] ond nid oes angen gwrthfiotigau fel rheol.[10]
Credir bod rhyw dair i bum biliwn o achosion o gastroenteritis bob blwyddyn, a 1.4 miliwn o bobl yn marw o'i herwyd.[11][12] Mae'r mwyafrif o'r rhain mewn gwledydd sy'n datblygu.[13] Yn 2011, ymhlith plant dan bump oed, bu tua 1.7 biliwn o achosion a 0.7 miliwn o farwolaethau.[14] Mewn gwledydd sy'n datblygu, mae plant o dan ddwy yn cael chwe neu fwy o heintiau y flwyddyn.[15] Mae hyn yn llai cyffredin mewn oedolion, yn rhannol oherwydd datblygiad eu systemau imiwnedd.[16]
Cyfeiriadau
[golygu | golygu cod]- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Schlossberg, David (2015). Clinical infectious disease (arg. Second). t. 334. ISBN 9781107038912.
- ↑ Singh, Amandeep (July 2010). "Pediatric Emergency Medicine Practice Acute Gastroenteritis — An Update". Emergency Medicine Practice 7 (7). http://www.ebmedicine.net/topics.php?paction=showTopic&topic_id=229.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 Ciccarelli, S; Stolfi, I; Caramia, G (29 October 2013). "Management strategies in the treatment of neonatal and pediatric gastroenteritis.". Infection and drug resistance 6: 133–61. doi:10.2147/IDR.S12718. PMC 3815002. PMID 24194646. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3815002.
- ↑ Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2015: 5 Books in 1. Elsevier Health Sciences. 2014. t. 479. ISBN 9780323084307.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 A. Helms, Richard (2006). Textbook of therapeutics : drug and disease management (arg. 8.). Philadelphia, Pa. [u.a.]: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. t. 2003. ISBN 9780781757348.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 "2008 estimate of worldwide rotavirus-associated mortality in children younger than 5 years before the introduction of universal rotavirus vaccination programmes: a systematic review and meta-analysis". The Lancet Infectious Diseases 12 (2): 136–41. February 2012. doi:10.1016/S1473-3099(11)70253-5. PMID 22030330.
- ↑ "The dynamics of norovirus outbreak epidemics: recent insights". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 8 (4): 1141–9. April 2011. doi:10.3390/ijerph8041141. PMC 3118882. PMID 21695033. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=3118882.
- ↑ Man SM (December 2011). "The clinical importance of emerging Campylobacter species". Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology 8 (12): 669–85. doi:10.1038/nrgastro.2011.191. PMID 22025030.
- ↑ Webb, A; Starr, M (April 2005). "Acute gastroenteritis in children.". Australian family physician 34 (4): 227–31. PMID 15861741.
- ↑ Zollner-Schwetz, I; Krause, R (August 2015). "Therapy of acute gastroenteritis: role of antibiotics.". Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases 21 (8): 744–9. doi:10.1016/j.cmi.2015.03.002. PMID 25769427.
- ↑ Elliott, EJ (6 January 2007). "Acute gastroenteritis in children.". BMJ (Clinical research ed.) 334 (7583): 35–40. doi:10.1136/bmj.39036.406169.80. PMC 1764079. PMID 17204802. http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=1764079.
- ↑ Lozano, R (Dec 15, 2012). "Global and regional mortality from 235 causes of death for 20 age groups in 1990 and 2010: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010.". Lancet 380 (9859): 2095–128. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0. PMID 23245604.
- ↑ Webber, Roger (2009). Communicable disease epidemiology and control : a global perspective (arg. 3rd). Wallingford, Oxfordshire: Cabi. t. 79. ISBN 978-1-84593-504-7.
- ↑ Walker, CL; Rudan, I; Liu, L; Nair, H; Theodoratou, E; Bhutta, ZA; O'Brien, KL; Campbell, H et al. (Apr 20, 2013). "Global burden of childhood pneumonia and diarrhoea.". Lancet 381 (9875): 1405–16. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60222-6. PMID 23582727.
- ↑ Dolin, [edited by] Gerald L. Mandell, John E. Bennett, Raphael (2010). "93". Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett's principles and practice of infectious diseases (arg. 7th). Philadelphia, PA: Churchill Livingstone/Elsevier. ISBN 0-443-06839-9.CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
- ↑ "Viral gastroenteritis in adults". Recent Patents on Anti-infective Drug Discovery 6 (1): 54–63. January 2011. doi:10.2174/157489111794407877. PMID 21210762.