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Mo'hetaneho'e hánêsóvóne

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Mo'hetaneho'e hánêsóvóne
Republic of South Africa (Vé'ho'énêstsestôtse)
Republiek van Suid-Afrika (Afrikaans) iRiphabliki yeSewula Afrika (Southern Ndebele)
iRiphabliki yomZantsi Afrika (Xhosa) iRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika (Zulu) iRiphabhulikhi yeNingizimu Afrika (Swazi) Repabliki ya Afrika-Borwa (Northern Sotho) Rephaboliki ya Afrika Borwa (Southern Sotho) Rephaboliki ya Aforika Borwa (Tswana) Riphabliki ra Afrika Dzonga (Tsonga) Riphabuḽiki ya Afurika Tshipembe (Venda)
hoohëö'o hóahno
Hoohëö'o Hóahno
Ho'évôxe'êstoo'o
Ho'évôxe'êstoo'o
Mâhoestôtsene'tahe Pretoria (executive)
Bloemfontein (judicial)
Cape Town (legislative)
Nêstsestôtse Afrikaans
Vé'ho'énêstsestôtse
Southern Ndebele
Northern Sotho
Southern Sotho
Swazi
Tsonga
Tswana
Venda
Xhosa
Zulu
Ého'emäneo'o Cyril Ramaphosa (President)
Manâhestôtse 48,810,427 (2012)
Ho'e 1,221,037 km2
Ma'kaetaévôxe'êstoo'o South African Rand (ZAR)
Internet .za
Aseéestsestôtse +27

Mo'hetaneho'e hánêsóvóne (Mâhoestôtsene'tahe: South Africa) manâhého'e ta Mo'hetaneho'e. Émȧx Namibia notämaanėsóvóneehóhtá, Botswana notämaehóhtá, Zimbabwe notämaéše'he tsénėxhésemé'éhnėseehóhtá, Mozambique naa Eswatini (Swaziland) éše'he tsénėxhésemé'éhnėseehóhtá, naa Lesotho hotómá'e Mo'hetaneho'e hánêsóvóne. Haná'hanehe 3 capitals éve, Pretoria (executive), Cape Town (legislative), naa Bloemfontein (judicial).[1] Hohamma'hmȧhoestȯtseéve Johannesburg.[2]

Év 80% héstanėheo'o Mo'kȯhtáv Mo'hetaneho'e Hánêsóvóneéve.[3] Tä'se ame 2011 census mé'eoestá, névhohamhéestse nó'tomévȯhónestȯtseanéve Zulu (22.7%), Xhosa(16.0%), Afrikaans (13.5%), naa Vé'ho'énêstsestôtse (9.6%).[4]

Naa hé'tóhé véhestȯtsehho'a'ó

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Véhestȯtse Mo'hetaneho'e hánêsóvóne (South Africa) htóehé'tóhé héstánóvaameotseéve. Hé'tóhé héstánóva Union of South Africa évevéhé naa Unie van Zuid-Afrika hotómá'e Dutch évȯhónestȯtse. Hé'tóhé héstánóva hhe official véhestȯtse hotómá'e 12 évȯhónestȯtsean.

History

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Hó'hóma history archaeology

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Mo'hetaneho'e Hánêsóvóne hhetohkomhohaména'he archaeological naa héstanėheo'o-fossil sites hotómá'e héstánóva.[5][6][7]

Bantu expansion

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Manȧhénoan ameBantu-évȯhónestȯtse héstanėheo'oan, névááse ma'aatahotse'óhtá agriculturists naa herdsmen éve, haná'haneheéve hotómá'e hánėsóvóne hotómá'e Limpopo Ó'he'e ame 4th naa máto héva 5th century CE.

Portuguese exploration

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Hotómá'e 1487, Portuguese explorer Bartolomeu Dias ónestnó'tom European voyage aneohtsé hotómá'e hohammo'hetaneho'e Hánêsóvóne. Hotómá'e Ma'xėhe'konéneéše'he 4, éaneohtsé hotómá'e Walfisch Bay (haa tä'se Walvis Bay). Dias anhetósėhahtse hohamanėsóvóne coast amehohamhánėsóvóne Mo'hetaneho'e.

Dutch colonisation

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Amemóne 17th century, Portugalane maritime hestoháatamaahéstove aseanȯheohtsétóhéve, naa Vé'ho'étane naa Kȧhamȧxévo'kėhanáhe merchant Portugal monopoly hotómá'e spice hohtóvá énanenéháa'éhoéstáhestaéné'ėsto'hahátóo'eóe'tov.

British colonisation naa Trekháatamaahe

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United Kingdom Cape Town oo'e sȯsóe 1795 naa 1803 hestomame French Nó'tom Republic hotama'énana'óehóhtá, táase Sóvehéstánóvaan ha'eotse.[8]

Boer Wars

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Boer republics he'ke British táeotsé'táhoxá'ov he'šenó'tom Boer War (1880-1881) guerrilla warfare tactics hotse'óhtá, táase hevépėhévoneo'e. vé'šehoéstonestȯtsean British hehpao'óévaohtsé, hehpo'omenehe, naa strategy mónahe hotómá'e Boer War néxa'ónétó (1899-1902) naa, kánome asėto'éé'eháestonaestȯtseanää'e, éxa'omo'heää'e. Év 27,000 Boer e'éan naa heka'ėškónėhamean haseohtsé hotómá'e British concentration camps.[9]

Mo'hetaneho'e hánêsóvóne urban population éne 19th century onward nėševeameéšee'eé.[10]

No'ketanóéve

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Apartheid era

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Hestóx-Apartheid

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Mahlabatini Declaration of Faith, hévȯhóné ame Mangosuthu Buthelezi naa Harry Schwarz hotómá'e 1974, heo'ke principles transition nonétse'ometanó hestoháatamaahéstove naa tó'ėstóvevomotahhestȯhnóvahe, nó'tomamȧhtov amemo'kȯhtáv naa komaestse political vovóeóó'ean hotómá'e Mo'hetaneho'e hánêsóvóne.

Geography

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Mo'hetaneho'e Hánêsóvóne hohamhánėsóvóne Mo'hetaneho'eéveé, vé'še coastline háne hasėséhehp 2,500 km (1,553 mi) naa amnésmȧhóomoeháan (Atlantic Hánėsóvóne naa Indian). 1,219,912 km2 (471,011 sq mi) é, Mo'hetaneho'e Hánêsóvóne 24 hohamháahphéstánóvaéve hotómá'e héstánóva.

Demographics

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Mo'hetaneho'e Hánêsóvóne he 62 million héstánóvaéve.

1904 census

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Hotómá'e 1904, haná'hanehe 5,175,463 héstanėheo'o éve.[11]

  • Mo'kȯhtáv (3,491,056) 67.5%
  • Vóhpeoxa'ohe (1,116,805) 21.6%
  • Coloured (445,228) 8.6%
  • Indian (122,734) 2.4%
  • Né'tóvéto — 5,175,463

1960 census

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Hotómá'e 1960, haná'hanehe 16,003,139 héstanėheo'o éve.[12]

  • Mo'kȯhtáv (10,928,264) 68.3%
  • Vóhpeoxa'ohe (3,088,492) 19.3%
  • Coloured (1,509,258) 9.4%
  • Indian (477,125) 3.0%
  • Né'tóvéto — 16,003,139

1996 census

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Hotómá'e 1996, haná'hanehe 40,583,573 héstanėheo'o éve.[13]

  • Mo'kȯhtáv (31,127,631) 76.7%
  • Vóhpeoxa'ohe (4,434,697) 10.9%
  • Coloured (3,600,446) 8.9%
  • Indian (1,045,596) 2.6%
  • Néta'e (375,204) 0.9%
  • Né'tóvéto — 40,583,573

2001 census

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Hotómá'e 2001, haná'hanehe 44,819,778 héstanėheo'o éve.[14]

  • Mo'kȯhtáv (35,416,166) 79.0%
  • Vóhpeoxa'ohe (4,293,640) 9.6%
  • Coloured (3,994,505) 8.9%
  • Indian (1,115,467) 2.5%
  • Né'tóvéto — 44,819,778

2011 census

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Hotómá'e 2001, haná'hanehe 51,770,560 héstanėheo'o éve.[15]

  • Mo'kȯhtáv (41,000,938) 79.2%
  • Vóhpeoxa'ohe (4,615,401) 8.9%
  • Coloured (4,586,838) 8.9%
  • Indian (1,286,930) 2.5%
  • Néta'e (280,454) 0.5%
  • Né'tóvéto — 51,770,560

References

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  1. ↑ https://www.gov.za/about-sa/south-africa-glance
  2. ↑ http://www.citypopulation.de/World.html
  3. ↑ https://www.news24.com/news24/southafrica/news/sas-population-swells-to-62-million-2022-census-at-a-glance-20231010
  4. ↑ http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf
  5. ↑ Wymer, John; Singer, R (1982). The Middle Stone Age at Klasies River Mouth in South Africa. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-76103-9.
  6. ↑ http://academic.sun.ac.za/archaeology/KRguide2001.PDF
  7. ↑ https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/915/
  8. ↑ Stapleton, Timothy (2010). A Military History of South Africa: From the Dutch-Khoi Wars to the End of Apartheid. Santa Barbara: Praeger Security International. pp. 4–6. ISBN 978-0-313-36589-8.
  9. ↑ https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/worst-atrocities-british-empire-amritsar-boer-war-concentration-camp-mau-mau-a6821756.html
  10. ↑ Ogura, Mitsuo (1996). "Urbanization and Apartheid in South Africa: Influx Controls and Their Abolition". The Developing Economies. 34 (4): 402–423. doi:10.1111/j.1746-1049.1996.tb01178.x. ISSN 1746-1049. PMID 12292280.
  11. ↑ Smuts I: The Sanguine Years 1870–1919, W.K. Hancock, Cambridge University Press, 1962, pg 219
  12. ↑ The Europa Year Book 1969, Volume II: Africa, The Americas, Asia, Australasia, Europa Publications, London, 1969, page 1286
  13. ↑ https://apps.statssa.gov.za/census01/Census96/HTML/CIB/CIB1996.pdf
  14. ↑ http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2001/census_in_brief/CIB2001.pdf
  15. ↑ http://www.statssa.gov.za/census/census_2011/census_products/Census_2011_Census_in_brief.pdf
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