Karbon

Carbon
	6C
	boron ← carbon → nitrogen
Panagway
	clear (diamond) & black (graphite); ; ; Spectral lines of Carbon
Kinatibuk-ang mga kinaiya
Ngalan, simbolo, kaiphan	carbon, C, 6
Paglitok	/ˈkɑːrbən/
Kategoriyang elemento	wala puthaw
Group, period, block	14, 2, p
Gibug-aton sa atomo	12.011(1)
Kontorno sa elektron	[He] 2s2 2p2; 2, 4 Electron shells of carbon (2, 4)
History
Pagkadiskobre	Egyptians and Sumerians (3750 BC)
Recognized as an element by	Antoine Lavoisier (1789)
Physical properties
Phase	magahi
Density (near r.t.)	amorphous: 1.8–2.1 g·cm−3
Density (near r.t.)	diamond: 3.515 g·cm−3
Density (near r.t.)	graphite: 2.267 g·cm−3
Sublimation point	3915 K, 3642 °C, 6588 °F
Triple point	4600 K (4327°C), 10800 kPa
Heat of fusion	117 (graphite) kJ·mol−1
Molar heat capacity	6.155 (diamond); 8.517 (graphite) J·mol−1·K−1
Atomic properties
Oxidation states	4, 3, 2, 1, 0, −1, −2, −3, −4
Electronegativity	2.55 (Pauling scale)
Ionization energies; (more)	1st: 1086.5 kJ·mol−1
	2nd: 2352.6 kJ·mol−1
	3rd: 4620.5 kJ·mol−1
Covalent radius	77(sp³), 73(sp²), 69(sp) pm
Van der Waals radius	170 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	diamond ; (diamond, clear)
	simple hexagonal ; (graphite, black)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Thermal conductivity	900-2300 (diamond); 119-165 (graphite) W·m−1·K−1
Thermal expansion	(25 °C) 0.8 (diamond) µm·m−1·K−1
Speed of sound (thin rod)	(20 °C) 18350 (diamond) m·s−1
Young's modulus	1050 (diamond) GPa
Shear modulus	478 (diamond) GPa
Bulk modulus	442 (diamond) GPa
Poisson ratio	0.1 (diamond)
Mohs hardness	10 (diamond); 1-2 (graphite)
CAS registry number	7440-44-0
Most stable isotopes
	Main article: Isotopes of carbon
	v; t; e; · r

Ang karbon o carbono (Iningles carbon) mao ang elementong kimiko sa talaang peryodiko nga may simbolo nga C ug kaiphan nga atomik 6. Ang karbon mao ang wala puthaw.

Ang mga gi basihan niini

↑ "History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky". Caer.uky.edu. Retrieved 2008-09-12.
↑ Senese, Fred (200-09-09). "Who discovered carbon?". Frostburg State University. Retrieved 2007-11-24. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
↑ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
↑ Haaland, D (1976). "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon". Carbon. 14 (6): 357. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5.
↑ Savvatimskiy, A (2005). "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)". Carbon. 43 (6): 1115. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027.
↑ Plantilya:Citeweb
↑ Plantilya:Citeweb
↑ Plantilya:Citeweb
↑ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
↑ ^10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 ^10.4 Properties of diamond, Ioffe Institute Database

Galeriya sa hulagway

[1] "History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky". Caer.uky.edu. Retrieved 2008-09-12.

[2] Senese, Fred (200-09-09). "Who discovered carbon?". Frostburg State University. Retrieved 2007-11-24. {{cite web}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)

[CRC-3] Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

[triple2-4] Haaland, D (1976). "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon". Carbon. 14 (6): 357. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5.

[triple3-5] Savvatimskiy, A (2005). "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)". Carbon. 43 (6): 1115. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027.

[6] Plantilya:Citeweb

[7] Plantilya:Citeweb

[8] Plantilya:Citeweb

[9] Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.

[ioffe-10] 10.0 ^10.1 ^10.2 ^10.3 ^10.4 Properties of diamond, Ioffe Institute Database

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