CERN Accelerating science

Article
Report number	arXiv:2303.15923 ; ET-0084A-23
Title	Science with the Einstein Telescope: a comparison of different designs
Author(s)	Branchesi, Marica (GSSI, Aquila ; Gran Sasso) ; Maggiore, Michele (Geneva U., Dept. Theor. Phys. ; Geneva U.) ; Alonso, David (Oxford U.) ; Badger, Charles (King's Coll. London) ; Banerjee, Biswajit (GSSI, Aquila ; Gran Sasso) ; Beirnaert, Freija (Gent U.) ; Belgacem, Enis (Geneva U.) ; Bhagwat, Swetha (Rome U. ; Birmingham U.) ; Boileau, Guillaume (U. Antwerp (main) ; ARTEMIS, Nice) ; Borhanian, Ssohrab (Jena U., TPI) ; Brown, Daniel David (MIT, Cambridge, LIGO ; Monash U.) ; Chan, Man Leong (British Columbia U.) ; Cusin, Giulia (Paris, Inst. Astrophys. ; Geneva U., Dept. Theor. Phys. ; Geneva U.) ; Danilishin, Stefan L. (NIKHEF, Amsterdam ; Nikhef, Amsterdam) ; Degallaix, Jerome (Lyon, LMA) ; De Luca, Valerio (Pennsylvania U.) ; Dhani, Arnab (Penn State U., University Park, IGC) ; Dietrich, Tim (Potsdam U. ; Potsdam, Max Planck Inst.) ; Dupletsa, Ulyana (GSSI, Aquila ; Gran Sasso) ; Foffa, Stefano (Geneva U., Dept. Theor. Phys. ; Geneva U.) ; Franciolini, Gabriele (Rome U.) ; Freise, Andreas (Vrije U., Amsterdam ; NIKHEF, Amsterdam) ; Gemme, Gianluca (INFN, Genoa) ; Goncharov, Boris (GSSI, Aquila ; Gran Sasso) ; Ghosh, Archisman (Gent U.) ; Gulminelli, Francesca (LPC, Caen) ; Gupta, Ish (Penn State U., University Park, IGC) ; Gupta, Pawan Kumar (NIKHEF, Amsterdam ; Utrecht U.) ; Harms, Jan (GSSI, Aquila ; Gran Sasso) ; Hazra, Nandini (GSSI, Aquila ; Gran Sasso ; Rome Observ.) ; Hild, Stefan (NIKHEF, Amsterdam ; Nikhef, Amsterdam) ; Hinderer, Tanja (Utrecht U.) ; Heng, Ik Siong (Glasgow U.) ; Iacovelli, Francesco (Geneva U., Dept. Theor. Phys. ; Geneva U.) ; Janquart, Justin (NIKHEF, Amsterdam ; Utrecht U.) ; Janssens, Kamiel (U. Antwerp (main) ; ARTEMIS, Nice) ; Jenkins, Alexander C. (University Coll. London) ; Kalaghatgi, Chinmay (NIKHEF, Amsterdam ; Utrecht U. ; Amsterdam U.) ; Koroveshi, Xhesika (KIT, Karlsruhe ; KIT, Karlsruhe, IKP) ; Li, Tjonnie G.F. (Leuven U.) ; Li, Yufeng (Beijing Normal U.) ; Loffredo, Eleonora (GSSI, Aquila ; Gran Sasso) ; Maggio, Elisa (Potsdam, Max Planck Inst.) ; Mancarella, Michele (Geneva U., Dept. Theor. Phys. ; Geneva U. ; Milan Bicocca U.) ; Mapelli, Michela (Padua U., Astron. Dept. ; Padua U. ; Padua Observ.) ; Martinovic, Katarina (King's Coll. London) ; Maselli, Andrea (GSSI, Aquila ; Gran Sasso) ; Meyers, Patrick (Caltech ; LIGO Lab., Caltech) ; Miller, Andrew L. (Leuven U. ; NIKHEF, Amsterdam ; Utrecht U.) ; Mondal, Chiranjib (LPC, Caen) ; Muttoni, Niccolò (Geneva U., Dept. Theor. Phys. ; Geneva U.) ; Narola, Harsh (NIKHEF, Amsterdam ; Utrecht U.) ; Oertel, Micaela (LUTH, Meudon) ; Oganesyan, Gor (GSSI, Aquila ; Gran Sasso) ; Pacilio, Costantino (Rome U. ; Milan Bicocca U.) ; Palomba, Cristiano (INFN, Rome) ; Pani, Paolo (Rome U.) ; Pasqualetti, Antonio (EGO, Pisa) ; Perego, Albino (Trento U. ; TIFPA-INFN, Trento) ; Périgois, Carole (Padua U., Astron. Dept. ; Padua U. ; Padua Observ.) ; Pieroni, Mauro (CERN ; Imperial Coll., London) ; Piccinni, Ornella Juliana (Barcelona, IFAE) ; Puecher, Anna (NIKHEF, Amsterdam ; Utrecht U.) ; Puppo, Paola (INFN, Rome) ; Ricciardone, Angelo (Pisa U. ; Padua U., Astron. Dept. ; Padua U.) ; Riotto, Antonio (Geneva U., Dept. Theor. Phys. ; Geneva U.) ; Ronchini, Samuele (GSSI, Aquila ; Gran Sasso) ; Sakellariadou, Mairi (King's Coll. London) ; Samajdar, Anuradha (Potsdam U.) ; Santoliquido, Filippo (Padua U., Astron. Dept. ; Padua U. ; Padua Observ.) ; Sathyaprakash, B.S. (Penn State U., University Park, IGC ; Penn State U., Astron. Astrophys. ; Cardiff U.) ; Steinlechner, Jessica (NIKHEF, Amsterdam ; Nikhef, Amsterdam) ; Steinlechner, Sebastian (NIKHEF, Amsterdam ; Nikhef, Amsterdam) ; Utina, Andrei (NIKHEF, Amsterdam ; Nikhef, Amsterdam) ; Van Den Broeck, Chris (NIKHEF, Amsterdam ; Utrecht U.) ; Zhang, Teng (Birmingham U. ; Nikhef, Amsterdam)
Publication	2023-07-28
Imprint	2023-03-28
Number of pages	197
Note	197 pages, 73 figures. v2: corrections in the part on the sensitivity to stochastic backgrounds. Accepted in JCAP
In:	JCAP 2307 (2023) 068
DOI	10.1088/1475-7516/2023/07/068
Subject category	astro-ph.HE ; Astrophysics and Astronomy ; astro-ph.CO ; Astrophysics and Astronomy ; gr-qc ; General Relativity and Cosmology
Abstract	The Einstein Telescope (ET), the European project for a third-generation gravitational-wave detector, has a reference configuration based on a triangular shape consisting of three nested detectors with 10 km arms, where in each arm there is a `xylophone' configuration made of an interferometer tuned toward high frequencies, and an interferometer tuned toward low frequencies and working at cryogenic temperature. Here, we examine the scientific perspectives under possible variations of this reference design. We perform a detailed evaluation of the science case for a single triangular geometry observatory, and we compare it with the results obtained for a network of two L-shaped detectors (either parallel or misaligned) located in Europe, considering different choices of arm-length for both the triangle and the 2L geometries. We also study how the science output changes in the absence of the low-frequency instrument, both for the triangle and the 2L configurations. We examine a broad class of simple `metrics' that quantify the science output, related to compact binary coalescences, multi-messenger astronomy and stochastic backgrounds, and we then examine the impact of different detector designs on a more specific set of scientific objectives.
Copyright/License	publication: © 2023-2024 The Author(s) (License: CC-BY-4.0) preprint: (License: arXiv nonexclusive-distrib 1.0)

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