arXiv : An intermittent extreme BL Lac: MWL study of 1ES 2344+514 in an enhanced state

Ansoldi, S.; Bigongiari, C.; Teshima, M.; Dorner, D.; Colin, U.; Sahakyan, N.; Šnidarić, I.; Kubo, H.; Elsaesser, D.; Paneque, D.; Oka, T.; Verguilov, V.; Puljak, I.; Larionov, V.M.; Barrio, J.A.; Persic, M.; Suda, Y.; Kiehlmann, S.; Vazquez Acosta, M.; Peresano, M.; Bonnoli, G.; Hahn, A.; Doro, M.; Iotov, R.; Saha, L.; López-Oramas, A.; Temnikov, P.; Carosi, R.; Maneva, G.; Font, L.; Miener, T.; Gasparyan, S.; Engels, A. Arbet; Prada Moroni, P.G.; Jouvin, L.; Mićanović, S.; D'Elia, V.; Zheng, W.; Bulinski, M.; Theissen, F.; Bošnjak, Ž.; Šegon, M.; Readhead, A.C.S.; Depaoli, D.; Maraschi, L.; Barres de Almeida, U.; Schmidt, K.; Saito, T.; Banerjee, B.; Tani, L.; Moretti, E.; Contreras, J.L.; Hadasch, D.; Schleicher, B.; Prandini, E.; Inoue, S.; Bellizzi, L.; Mender, S.; Buss, J.; Hoang, J.; Mueller, S. Achim; Paoletti, R.; Klinger, M.; Busetto, G.; Mariotti, M.; Espiñeira, E. Souto, Do.; Berti, A.; Fonseca, M.V.; Miranda, J.M.; Blank, M.; Sitarek, J.; Shukla, A.; Takahashi, M.; Stamerra, A.; Vitale, V.; Paredes, J.M.; Terzić, T.; Di Pierro, F.; Pulido, J. Acosta; Giglietto, N.; Collaborators, MWL; Tosti, L.; Lindfors, E.; Paiano, S.; Satalecka, K.; Nöthe, M.; Nigro, C.; Rugliancich, A.; Delfino, M.; Otero-Santos, J.; Hrupec, D.; Mannheim, K.; De Angelis, A.; Makariev, M.; Rhode, W.; Longo, F.; Besenrieder, J.; Bruegge, K.; Ferrara, G.; Ishio, K.; Schweizer, T.; Molina, E.; Ventura, S.; Spolon, A.; Bhattacharyya, W.; Noda, K.; Lombardi, S.; López-Coto, R.; Miceli, D.; Godinović, N.; Nishijima, K.; Colak, S.M.; Tavecchio, F.; Mazin, D.; Zarić, D.; Babić, A.; Di Venere, L.; Da Vela, P.; Majumdar, P.; Garczarczyk, M.; Fallah Ramazani, V.; Mirzoyan, R.; Chilingarian, A.; Gaug, M.; de Oliveira Fraga, B. Machado; Palatiello, M.; Donini, A.; Antonelli, L.A.; Strom, D.; Leone, F.; Moreno, V.; Doerr, M.; Cerruti, M.; Fruck, C.; Munar-Adrover, P.; Loporchio, S.; Hildebrand, D.; Ribó, M.; Sakurai, S.; Kajiwara, Y.; Strzys, M.; Dominis Prester, D.; Sedlaczek, K.; Colombo, E.; Fattorini, A.; Bernardini, E.; Filippenko, A.V.; De Lotto, B.; Righi, C.; Dazzi, F.; Biederbeck, N.; Iwamura, Y.; Sliusar, V.; Torres-Albà, N.; Peñil, P.; Blanch, O.; Vanzo, G.; Hovatta, T.; Martínez, M.; Lamastra, A.; Paravac, A.; Delgado, J.; van Scherpenberg, J.; Green, D.; Ansoldi, S.; Neronov, A.; Vovk, I.; Pavletić, L.; Becerra González, J.; Minev, M.; Hütten, M.; Vigorito, C.F.; Chai, Y.; Bednarek, W.; Maggio, C.; Neustroev, V.; Kobayashi, Y.; Fukami, S.; Rico, J.; Sobczynska, D.; Neise, D.; Kerszberg, D.; Biland, A.; Kushida, J.; López, R.J. García; Inada, T.; Covino, S.; Foffano, L.; Lelas, D.; Ninci, D.; Nozaki, S.; Ceribella, G.; Surić, T.; Cortina, J.; Cikota, S.; Ohtani, Y.; Morcuende, D.; Balbo, M.; Will, M.; Beck, M.; Herrera, J.; Villata, M.; Mallamaci, M.; Walter, R.; Manganaro, M.; Baack, D.; Giordano, F.; Nilsson, K.; Nogués, L.; Moralejo, A.; Max-Moerbeck, W.; López, M.; Gliwny, P.; Raiteri, C.M.; Bretz, T.

doi:10.1093/mnras/staa1702

Article
Report number	arXiv:2006.06796
Title	An intermittent extreme BL Lac: MWL study of 1ES 2344+514 in an enhanced state
Author(s)	Ansoldi, S. ; Ansoldi, S. ; Antonelli, L.A. ; Engels, A. Arbet ; Baack, D. ; Babić, A. ; Banerjee, B. ; Barres de Almeida, U. ; Barrio, J.A. ; Becerra González, J. ; Bednarek, W. ; Bellizzi, L. ; Bernardini, E. ; Berti, A. ; Besenrieder, J. ; Bhattacharyya, W. ; Bigongiari, C. ; Blanch, O. ; Bonnoli, G. ; Bošnjak, Ž. ; Busetto, G. ; Carosi, R. ; Ceribella, G. ; Cerruti, M. ; Chai, Y. ; Chilingarian, A. ; Cikota, S. ; Colak, S.M. ; Colin, U. ; Colombo, E. ; Contreras, J.L. ; Cortina, J. ; Covino, S. ; D'Elia, V. ; Da Vela, P. ; Dazzi, F. ; De Angelis, A. ; De Lotto, B. ; Delfino, M. ; Delgado, J. ; Depaoli, D. ; Di Pierro, F. ; Di Venere, L. ; Espiñeira, E. Souto, Do. ; Dominis Prester, D. ; Donini, A. ; Doro, M. ; Elsaesser, D. ; Fallah Ramazani, V. ; Fattorini, A. ; Ferrara, G. ; Foffano, L. ; Fonseca, M.V. ; Font, L. ; Fruck, C. ; Fukami, S. ; López, R.J. García ; Garczarczyk, M. ; Gasparyan, S. ; Gaug, M. ; Giglietto, N. ; Giordano, F. ; Gliwny, P. ; Godinović, N. ; Green, D. ; Hadasch, D. ; Hahn, A. ; Herrera, J. ; Hoang, J. ; Hrupec, D. ; Hütten, M. ; Inada, T. ; Inoue, S. ; Ishio, K. ; Iwamura, Y. ; Jouvin, L. ; Kajiwara, Y. ; Kerszberg, D. ; Kobayashi, Y. ; Kubo, H. ; Kushida, J. ; Lamastra, A. ; Lelas, D. ; Leone, F. ; Lindfors, E. ; Lombardi, S. ; Longo, F. ; López, M. ; López-Coto, R. ; López-Oramas, A. ; Loporchio, S. ; de Oliveira Fraga, B. Machado ; Maggio, C. ; Majumdar, P. ; Makariev, M. ; Mallamaci, M. ; Maneva, G. ; Manganaro, M. ; Maraschi, L. ; Mariotti, M. ; Martínez, M. ; Mazin, D. ; Mender, S. ; Mićanović, S. ; Miceli, D. ; Miener, T. ; Minev, M. ; Miranda, J.M. ; Mirzoyan, R. ; Molina, E. ; Moralejo, A. ; Morcuende, D. ; Moreno, V. ; Moretti, E. ; Munar-Adrover, P. ; Neustroev, V. ; Nigro, C. ; Nilsson, K. ; Ninci, D. ; Nishijima, K. ; Noda, K. ; Nogués, L. ; Nozaki, S. ; Ohtani, Y. ; Oka, T. ; Otero-Santos, J. ; Paiano, S. ; Palatiello, M. ; Paneque, D. ; Paoletti, R. ; Paredes, J.M. ; Pavletić, L. ; Peñil, P. ; Peresano, M. ; Persic, M. ; Prada Moroni, P.G. ; Prandini, E. ; Puljak, I. ; Ribó, M. ; Rico, J. ; Righi, C. ; Rugliancich, A. ; Saha, L. ; Sahakyan, N. ; Saito, T. ; Sakurai, S. ; Satalecka, K. ; Schleicher, B. ; Schmidt, K. ; Schweizer, T. ; Sitarek, J. ; Šnidarić, I. ; Sobczynska, D. ; Spolon, A. ; Stamerra, A. ; Strom, D. ; Strzys, M. ; Suda, Y. ; Surić, T. ; Takahashi, M. ; Tavecchio, F. ; Temnikov, P. ; Terzić, T. ; Teshima, M. ; Torres-Albà, N. ; Tosti, L. ; van Scherpenberg, J. ; Vanzo, G. ; Vazquez Acosta, M. ; Ventura, S. ; Verguilov, V. ; Vigorito, C.F. ; Vitale, V. ; Vovk, I. ; Will, M. ; Zarić, D. ; Baack, D. ; Balbo, M. ; Beck, M. ; Biederbeck, N. ; Biland, A. ; Blank, M. ; Bretz, T. ; Bruegge, K. ; Bulinski, M. ; Buss, J. ; Doerr, M. ; Dorner, D. ; Hildebrand, D. ; Iotov, R. ; Klinger, M. ; Mannheim, K. ; Mueller, S. Achim ; Neise, D. ; Neronov, A. ; Nöthe, M. ; Paravac, A. ; Rhode, W. ; Schleicher, B. ; Sedlaczek, K. ; Shukla, A. ; Sliusar, V. ; Tani, L. ; Theissen, F. ; Walter, R. ; Collaborators, MWL ; Pulido, J. Acosta ; Filippenko, A.V. ; Hovatta, T. ; Kiehlmann, S. ; Larionov, V.M. ; Max-Moerbeck, W. ; Raiteri, C.M. ; Readhead, A.C.S. ; Šegon, M. ; Villata, M. ; Zheng, W.
Publication	2020-08-11
Imprint	2020-06-11
Number of pages	17
Note	Accepted in MNRAS. Corresponding authors: M. Manganaro, A. Arbet Engels, D. Dorner
In:	Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc. 496 (2020) 3912
DOI	10.1093/mnras/staa1702 (publication)
Subject category	astro-ph.HE ; Astrophysics and Astronomy
Accelerator/Facility, Experiment	MAGIC FACT
Abstract	Extreme High-frequency BL Lacs (EHBL) feature their synchrotron peak of the broadband spectral energy distribution (SED) at $\nu_{\rm s} \geq $10$^{17}$\,Hz. The BL Lac object 1ES 2344+514 was included in the EHBL family because of its impressive shift of the synchrotron peak in 1996. During the following years, the source appeared to be in a low state without showing any extreme behaviours. In August 2016, 1ES 2344+514 was detected with the ground-based $\gamma$-ray telescope FACT during a high $\gamma$-ray state, triggering multi-wavelength (MWL) observations. We studied the MWL light curves of 1ES 2344+514 during the 2016 flaring state, using data from radio to VHE $\gamma$ rays taken with OVRO, KAIT, KVA, NOT, some telescopes of the GASP-WEBT collaboration at the Teide, Crimean, and St. Petersburg observatories, \textit{Swift}-UVOT, \textit{Swift}-XRT, \textit{Fermi}-LAT, FACT and MAGIC. With simultaneous observations of the flare, we built the broadband SED and studied it in the framework of a leptonic and an hadronic model. The VHE $\gamma$-ray observations show a flux level of 55\% of the Crab Nebula flux above 300\,GeV, similar to the historical maximum of 1995. The combination of MAGIC and \textit{Fermi}-LAT spectra provides an unprecedented characterization of the inverse-Compton peak for this object during a flaring episode. The $\Gamma$ index of the intrinsic spectrum in the VHE $\gamma$-ray band is $2.04\pm0.12_{\rm stat}\pm0.15_{\rm sys}$. We find the source in an extreme state with a shift of the position of the synchrotron peak to frequencies above or equal to $10^{18}$\,Hz
Copyright/License	preprint: (License: arXiv nonexclusive-distrib 1.0)

$MWL light curve of 1ES~2344+514 from MJD~57567 (28 June 2016) to MJD~57645 (14 September 2016). The observations were carried out using (from top to bottom) FACT (energy threshold $\sim 810$\,GeV), MAGIC ($>300$\,GeV, \textit{Fermi}-LAT (0.3\,GeV--300\,GeV), \textit{Swift}-XRT (2\,keV--10\,keV), \textit{Swift}-UVOT (W1, M2 and W2 filter), KVA, NOT, IAC80 and Stella at Teide, AZT-8 at Crimean Observatory, LX-200 at St. Petersburg ($R$ band), KAIT (optical, clear filter), TCS at Teide ($J$, $H$, $K$ filters), and OVRO (15\,GHz). In the \textit{Fermi}-LAT light curve we quote an upper limit at 95\% C.L. for time bins having TS~$<4$. The shadowed band represents the VHE $\gamma$-ray activity window. The band is centred on MJD~57610 (10 August 2016), which is the night in which FACT sent the alert which triggered MWL observations. The night of MJD~57613 (13 August 2016) is the night chosen for building the broadband SED. HE and VHE $\gamma$-ray panels show the flux in number of photons, while the other panels show the flux density in the respective energy bands. Optical and NIR data from 1ES~2344+514 shown here are corrected for the host galaxy contribution and galactic reddening.$ $$\Gamma_{\rm XRT}$ vs.~2\,keV--10\,keV flux. Solid green data points corresponds to the observations up to MJD~57629--29 August 2016 (high state), while open red data points matches the observations from MJD~57688--27 October 2016 (low state). Black asterisks correspond to the archival data from \textit{BEPPO-SAX} observations between 1996 and 1998 (\citealt{2000MNRAS.317..743G}).$ $Strictly simultaneous SED (MJD~57613 -- 13 August 2016) from \textit{Swift}-XRT, \textit{Swift}-UVOT is fitted with a log parabola in order to estimate the position of the synchrotron peak. The tentative value found is \mbox{$\nu_{\rm s} \approx 7.5 \times 10^{18}$\,Hz} \mbox{($\sim 30$ keV}--\mbox{$\chi^{2}/\mathrm{d.o.f.}= 8.97/9$)}. A more precise value deducted from the full broadband SED is presented in Sect.~\ref{sec:leptonic}.$ Show more plots

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