YIF1A

YIF1A
Identifikatori
Aliasi	YIF1A
Vanjski ID-jevi	OMIM: 611484 MGI: 1915340 HomoloGene: 56295 GeneCards: YIF1A
Lokacija gena (čovjek)
Hrom.	Hromosom 11 (čovjek)
Kraj	66,289,145 bp
Lokacija gena (miš)
Hrom.	Hromosom 19 (miš)
Kraj	5,142,909 bp
Obrazac RNK ekspresije
	Više referentnih podataka o ekspresiji
Ontologija gena
Molekularna funkcija	• GO:0001948, GO:0016582 vezivanje za proteine;
Ćelijska komponenta	• endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment; • integral component of membrane; • Golđijeva membrana; • Endoplazmatski retikulum; • membrana; • endoplasmic reticulum membrane; • Golđijev aparat; • COPII-coated ER to Golgi transport vesicle; • integral component of Golgi membrane;
Biološki proces	• protein transport; • IRE1-mediated unfolded protein response; • vesicle-mediated transport; • endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi vesicle-mediated transport;
	Izvori:Amigo / QuickGO
Ortolozi
	10897
	68090
	ENSG00000174851
	ENSMUSG00000024875
	O95070
	Q91XB7
	NM_001300861; NM_020470
	NM_026553
	NP_001287790; NP_065203
	NP_080829
	Wikipodaci
Pogledaj/uredi – čovjek	Pogledaj/uredi – miš

Protein YIF1A je protein koji je kod ljudi kodiran genom YIF1A.^[5]^[6]^[7]^[8]

Aminokiselinska sekvenca

Dužina polipeptidnog lanca je 293 aminokiseline, a molekulska težina 32.011 Da.^[9].

C: Cistein

D: Asparaginska kiselina

E: Glutaminska kiselina

F: Fenilalanin

G: Glicin

H: Histidin

I: Izoleucin

K: Lizin

L: Leucin

M: Metionin

N: Asparagin

P: Prolin

Q: Glutamin

R: Arginin

S: Serin

T: Treonin

V: Valin

W: Triptofan

Y: Tirozin

10	20	30	40	50
MAYHSGYGAH	GSKHRARAAP	DPPPLFDDTS	GGYSSQPGGY	PATGADVAFS
VNHLLGDPMA	NVAMAYGSSI	ASHGKDMVHK	ELHRFVSVSK	LKYFFAVDTA
YVAKKLGLLV	FPYTHQNWEV	QYSRDAPLPP	RQDLNAPDLY	IPTMAFITYV
LLAGMALGIQ	KRFSPEVLGL	CASTALVWVV	MEVLALLLGL	YLATVRSDLS
TFHLLAYSGY	KYVGMILSVL	TGLLFGSDGY	YVALAWTSSA	LMYFIVRSLR
TAALGPDSMG	GPVPRQRLQL	YLTLGAAAFQ	PLIIYWLTFH	LVR

Gen

Opća svojstva

YIF1A (homolog Yip1 interakcijskog faktora A) poznat je i kao YIF1, YIF1P, FinGER7 i 54TM.^[10] Kod ljudi, ima 4.591 parova baza s osam egzona, a nalazi se na minus lancu hromosoma 11,sekvenca 11q13,2.^[11]

Promotori

Četiri su predviđena promotora za YIIF1A.^[12] Predviđena regija promotora s najvećim povjerenjem je GXP_50494 i duga 1.252 parova baza; proteže se od prvog egzona YIF1A. Ovaj promotor se nalazi na minus lancu hromosoma 11.

Faktori transkripcije

Promotorska varijanta 1 transkripta YIF1A sadrži brojna mjesta vezanja transkripcijskog faktora.^[13] Transkripcijski faktori za koje se predviđa da će se vezati za promotorsku regiju uključuju sljedeće.

Protein akutne mijeloidne leukemije 1, RUNX1 (transkripcijski faktor 1 povezan s tuntom)
Protein cinkovog prsta 263, ZKSCAN12 (protein cinkovog prsta sa KRAB i SCAN domenima 12)
E2F transkripcijski faktor 1
EGR1, rani odgovor na rast 1
GATA-vezujući faktor 1
CP2-oliki transkripcijski faktor 1 (LBP-9)
X-boks vezujući protein RFX1
Elementi odgovora na estrogen (ER alfa), IR3 mjesta
Laktotransferin i deltalaktoferin, protein koji inhibira rast 12
TGFB-inducirani protein ranog odgovora na rast 1 (KLF10)

Ekspresija

Ekspresija YIF1A je najjača u duodenumu i jetri. Također se eksprimirs u umjerenim količinama i u tkivima, uključujući debelo crijevo,jajnike, gušteraču, slezenu i jednjak, a izražava se u nižim razinama u raznim drugim tkivima.^[14]^[15]^[16] NCBI GeoProfile data provide the tissue expression graph for YIF1A in humans; it also indicates that YIF1A is expressed at moderately to moderately low across all other tissues.^[17]

iRNK

YIF1A ima izoforme 1 i 2, s egzonima 8 i 7.^[11] Dva transkripta podvrgavaju se alternativnoj preradi i prevode se u proteine s 293, odnosno 241 aminokiselinom.^[18]^[19]

RNK-vezujući proteini

5'neprevedena regija ima mjesta vezanja za RBXM, EIF4B i FUS. 3 'neprevedena regija predviđa mjesta vezivanja za ELAVL1, koji je elementima bogatim AU i regulira stabilnost iRNK.^[20]

Protein

Opća svojstva

Najduža proteinska izoforma YIF1A ima 293 aminokiseline. Ima molekulsku težinu od približno 32,0 kDa, s predviđenom izoelektričnom tačkom od približno 8,98.^[19]^[21]^[22]

Kompozicija

YIF1 je vrlo normalan protein u smislu količine aminokiselina koje sadrži. Sastav svakog aminokiselinskog ostatka sličan je njegovom prosječnom relativnom sastavu među ljudskim proteinima. Nema grupa naboja, pokretljivosti ili obrazaca. Postoji ponavljajuća struktura na [201-204 i 288-291] TFHL.^[21]

Domeni i motivi

YIF1A ima jedan konzervirani domen, pfam03878 (AA 57 →287).^[11] Unutar domena postoji pet transmembranskih domena, po tri necitosolna i citosolna domena. Pretpostavljeno je da postoji moguća uloga u transportu između endoplazmatskog retikuluma i Golgijevog parata.^[10]

Struktura

Struktura YIF1A sastoji se od približno 59% alfa-heliksa, s TM spiralom i neuređenim regijama koje čine ostatak strukture; nije predviđen beta-lanac.^[25]

Lokalizacija

Predviđena lokacija YIF1A je u endoplazmatskom retikulumu, s unutarćelijskim N– i vanćelijskin C-krajem.^[26]^[27]

Posttranslacijske modifikacije

YIF1A prolazi kroz cijepanje metionina i N-terminalnu acetilaciju, što je jedna od najčešćih posttranslacijskih modifikacija eukariotskih proteina.^[28] Također se fosforilira neodređenim kinazama na nekoliko mjesta.^[29] Three glycation site is predicted in lysine residue(lys 104,161, and 211).^[30] YIF1A se podvrgava modifikaciji O-ß-GlcNAc na pet lokacija, od kojih je jedno mjesto Yin-Yang.^[31]

Interaktivni proteini

Na osnovu fluorescentne mikroskopije, potvrđena dva hibrida i anti-tag koimunoprecipitacije, a proteini koji će najvjerojatnije stupiti u interakciju s YIF1A su GPR37, SEC23IP, REEP2 i YIPF5 . Studije pokazuju da interakcija između VAPB -a i YIF1A kontrolira isporuku membrane u dendrite.^[32] Također učestvuje u ER-proteinu razvijenog odgovora (UPR), indukcijom ERN1/IRE1.^[33] Osim toga, protein YIF1A stupa u interakciju s proteinom M SARS-Cov-2.^[34]

Homologija

YIF1A ima jedan paralog pod nazivom YIF1B, koji se nalazi na ljudskom kromosomu 19.^[10] YIF1A ima 238 identificiranih ortologa.^[35] Ortolog sadrže kičmenjaci poput sisara, vodozemci i gmizavci. Također imaju i beskičmenjaci kao što su Insecta, Anthozoa i Ascidiacea. Nije pronađen ortolog kod protista, bakterija ili arheja.

Sljedeća tabela daje obrasce ortologa YIF1A.


Rod i vrsta	Prisrupni broj^[11]	Date+iranje divergencije sa čovjekom (milioni godina)^[36]	Dužina sekvence(AA)	Identitet sekvence^[37]
Homo sapiens (Čovjek)	NP_065203	0	293	100
Aotus nancymaae (Maov noćni msjmun)	XP_012318344	43	317	94
Mus musculus (Miš)	NP_080829	90	293	93
Sus scrofa (Divlja svinja)	XP_013849519	96	311	92
Delphinapterus leucas (Bijeli kit)	XP_022447094	96	306	91
Phascolarctos cinereus (Koala)	XP_020823757	159	293	88
Ornithorhynchus anatinus(Kljunar)	XP_028915982	177	293	88
Chelonia mydas (Zelena kornjača)	XP_007056281	312	240	78
Chrysemys picta bellii (Ofarbana kornjača)\|XP_005305497	312	293	73
Microcaecilia unicolor (vodozemac)	XP_029470520	352	306	72
Rhinatrema bivittatum(Doprukasta cecilija)	XP_029470520	352	307	71
Latimeria chalumnae (Latimerija)	XP_014345204	413	296	71
Salmo trutta (Potočna pastrmka)	XP_029585843	435	309	70
Echeneis naucrates (Sisačka ajkula)	XP_029368074	435	308	66
Danio rerio (Zebrica)	NP_956225	435	307	65
Maylandia zebra (zebrica mbuna)	XP_004545672	435	308	63
Saccharomyces cerevisiae S288C ('Pekarski kvasac)	NP_014136	1017	314	33
Physcomitrium patens (mahovina)	XP_024362517	1275	282	30

Reference

^ ^a ^b ^c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000174851 - Ensembl, maj 2017
^ ^a ^b ^c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000024875 - Ensembl, maj 2017
^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
^ Vitale G, Alexandrov K, Ullrich O, Horiuchi H, Giner A, Dobson C, et al. (Jan 1997). "The GDP/GTP cycle of Rab5 in the regulation of endocytotic membrane traffic". Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology. 60: 211–20. doi:10.1101/SQB.1995.060.01.024. PMID 8824393.
^ Matern H, Yang X, Andrulis E, Sternglanz R, Trepte HH, Gallwitz D (septembar 2000). "A novel Golgi membrane protein is part of a GTPase-binding protein complex involved in vesicle targeting". The EMBO Journal. 19 (17): 4485–92. doi:10.1093/emboj/19.17.4485. PMC 302084. PMID 10970842.
^ Yoshida Y, Suzuki K, Yamamoto A, Sakai N, Bando M, Tanimoto K, et al. (novembar 2008). "YIPF5 and YIF1A recycle between the ER and the Golgi apparatus and are involved in the maintenance of the Golgi structure". Experimental Cell Research. 314 (19): 3427–43. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.07.023. PMID 18718466.
^ "Entrez Gene: YIF1A Yip1 interacting factor homolog A (S. cerevisiae)".
^ "UniProt, O95070". Pristupljeno 20. 8. 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c "YIF1A related genes - GeneCards Search Results". www.genecards.org. Pristupljeno 21. 6. 2020.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d "YIF1A - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Pristupljeno 21. 6. 2020.
^ "Genomatix: Genome Annotation and Browser: Query Input". www.genomatix.de. Pristupljeno 30. 7. 2020.^{[mrtav link]}
^ "Genomatix: MatInspector Input". www.genomatix.de. Pristupljeno 3. 8. 2020.^{[mrtav link]}
^ Fagerberg L, Hallström BM, Oksvold P, Kampf C, Djureinovic D, Odeberg J, et al. (februar 2014). "Analysis of the human tissue-specific expression by genome-wide integration of transcriptomics and antibody-based proteomics". Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. 13 (2): 397–406. doi:10.1074/mcp.M113.035600. PMC 3916642. PMID 24309898.
^ Duff MO, Olson S, Wei X, Garrett SC, Osman A, Bolisetty M, et al. (maj 2015). "Genome-wide identification of zero nucleotide recursive splicing in Drosophila". Nature. 521 (7552): 376–9. doi:10.1038/nature14475. PMC 4529404. PMID 25970244.
^ Szabo L, Morey R, Palpant NJ, Wang PL, Afari N, Jiang C, et al. (juni 2015). "Statistically based splicing detection reveals neural enrichment and tissue-specific induction of circular RNA during human fetal development". Genome Biology. 16: 126. doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0690-5. PMC 4506483. PMID 26076956.
^ "GDS596 / 202418_at". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Pristupljeno 2. 8. 2020.
^ "protein YIF1A isoform 2 [Homo sapiens] - Protein - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Pristupljeno 28. 7. 2020.
^ ^a ^b "protein YIF1A isoform 1 [Homo sapiens] - Protein - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Pristupljeno 28. 7. 2020.
^ "RBPDB: The database of RNA-binding specificities". rbpdb.ccbr.utoronto.ca. Pristupljeno 1. 8. 2020.
^ ^a ^b "SAPS < Sequence Statistics < EMBL-EBI". www.ebi.ac.uk. Pristupljeno 28. 7. 2020.
^ "ExPASy - Compute pI/Mw tool". web.expasy.org. Pristupljeno 28. 7. 2020.
^ "I-TASSER server for protein structure and function prediction". zhanglab.ccmb.med.umich.edu. Pristupljeno 1. 8. 2020.
^ "iCn3D: Web-based 3D Structure Viewer". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Pristupljeno 1. 8. 2020.
^ "NPS@ : GOR4 secondary structure prediction". npsa-prabi.ibcp.fr. Pristupljeno 28. 7. 2020.
^ "PredictProtein - Protein Sequence Analysis, Prediction of Structural and Functional Features". www.predictprotein.org. Pristupljeno 28. 7. 2020.
^ "Phobius". phobius.sbc.su.se. Pristupljeno 28. 7. 2020.
^ "TERMINUS - Welcome to terminus". terminus.unige.ch. Pristupljeno 28. 7. 2020.
^ "NetPhosK 1.0 Server". www.cbs.dtu.dk. Arhivirano s originala, 9. 7. 2021. Pristupljeno 28. 7. 2020.
^ "NetGlycate 1.0 Server - prediction results". www.cbs.dtu.dk. Arhivirano s originala, 20. 8. 2021. Pristupljeno 1. 8. 2020.
^ "YinOYang 1.2 Server". www.cbs.dtu.dk. Pristupljeno 28. 7. 2020.
^ Kuijpers M, Yu KL, Teuling E, Akhmanova A, Jaarsma D, Hoogenraad CC (juli 2013). "The ALS8 protein VAPB interacts with the ER-Golgi recycling protein YIF1A and regulates membrane delivery into dendrites". The EMBO Journal. 32 (14): 2056–72. doi:10.1038/emboj.2013.131. PMC 3715857. PMID 23736259.
^ "YIF1A protein (human) - STRING interaction network". string-db.org. Pristupljeno 29. 7. 2020.
^ Mahen, Robert (9. 4. 2020). "A SARS-CoV-2-Human Protein-Protein Interaction Map Reveals Drug Targets and Potential Drug-Repurposing". dx.doi.org. doi:10.1242/prelights.18355. Pristupljeno 5. 8. 2020.
^ "Nucleotide BLAST: Search nucleotide databases using a nucleotide query". blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Pristupljeno 3. 8. 2020.
^ "TimeTree :: The Timescale of Life". www.timetree.org. Pristupljeno 2. 7. 2020.
^ "Human BLAT Search". genome.ucsc.edu. Pristupljeno 2. 7. 2020.

Dopunska literatura

Maruyama K, Sugano S (januar 1994). "Oligo-capping: a simple method to replace the cap structure of eukaryotic mRNAs with oligoribonucleotides". Gene. 138 (1–2): 171–4. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(94)90802-8. PMID 8125298.
Suzuki Y, Yoshitomo-Nakagawa K, Maruyama K, Suyama A, Sugano S (oktobar 1997). "Construction and characterization of a full length-enriched and a 5'-end-enriched cDNA library". Gene. 200 (1–2): 149–56. doi:10.1016/S0378-1119(97)00411-3. PMID 9373149.
Gisler SM, Stagljar I, Traebert M, Bacic D, Biber J, Murer H (mart 2001). "Interaction of the type IIa Na/Pi cotransporter with PDZ proteins". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 276 (12): 9206–13. doi:10.1074/jbc.M008745200. PMID 11099500.
Calero M, Winand NJ, Collins RN (mart 2002). "Identification of the novel proteins Yip4p and Yip5p as Rab GTPase interacting factors". FEBS Letters. 515 (1–3): 89–98. doi:10.1016/S0014-5793(02)02442-0. PMID 11943201. S2CID 34319925.
Breuza L, Halbeisen R, Jenö P, Otte S, Barlowe C, Hong W, Hauri HP (novembar 2004). "Proteomics of endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) membranes from brefeldin A-treated HepG2 cells identifies ERGIC-32, a new cycling protein that interacts with human Erv46". The Journal of Biological Chemistry. 279 (45): 47242–53. doi:10.1074/jbc.M406644200. PMID 15308636.
Jin C, Zhang Y, Zhu H, Ahmed K, Fu C, Yao X (august 2005). "Human Yip1A specifies the localization of Yif1 to the Golgi apparatus". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 334 (1): 16–22. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2005.06.051. PMID 15990086.

[refGRCh38Ensembl-1] GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000174851 - Ensembl, maj 2017

[refGRCm38Ensembl-2] GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000024875 - Ensembl, maj 2017

[3] "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[4] "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.

[pmid8824393-5] Vitale G, Alexandrov K, Ullrich O, Horiuchi H, Giner A, Dobson C, et al. (Jan 1997). "The GDP/GTP cycle of Rab5 in the regulation of endocytotic membrane traffic". Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology. 60: 211–20. doi:10.1101/SQB.1995.060.01.024. PMID 8824393.

[pmid10970842-6] Matern H, Yang X, Andrulis E, Sternglanz R, Trepte HH, Gallwitz D (septembar 2000). "A novel Golgi membrane protein is part of a GTPase-binding protein complex involved in vesicle targeting". The EMBO Journal. 19 (17): 4485–92. doi:10.1093/emboj/19.17.4485. PMC 302084. PMID 10970842.

[pmid18718466-7] Yoshida Y, Suzuki K, Yamamoto A, Sakai N, Bando M, Tanimoto K, et al. (novembar 2008). "YIPF5 and YIF1A recycle between the ER and the Golgi apparatus and are involved in the maintenance of the Golgi structure". Experimental Cell Research. 314 (19): 3427–43. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2008.07.023. PMID 18718466.

[entrez-8] "Entrez Gene: YIF1A Yip1 interacting factor homolog A (S. cerevisiae)".

[UniProt-9] "UniProt, O95070". Pristupljeno 20. 8. 2021.

[:13-10] "YIF1A related genes - GeneCards Search Results". www.genecards.org. Pristupljeno 21. 6. 2020.

[:03-11] "YIF1A - Gene - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Pristupljeno 21. 6. 2020.

[12] "Genomatix: Genome Annotation and Browser: Query Input". www.genomatix.de. Pristupljeno 30. 7. 2020.^{[mrtav link]}

[13] "Genomatix: MatInspector Input". www.genomatix.de. Pristupljeno 3. 8. 2020.^{[mrtav link]}

[14] Fagerberg L, Hallström BM, Oksvold P, Kampf C, Djureinovic D, Odeberg J, et al. (februar 2014). "Analysis of the human tissue-specific expression by genome-wide integration of transcriptomics and antibody-based proteomics". Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. 13 (2): 397–406. doi:10.1074/mcp.M113.035600. PMC 3916642. PMID 24309898.

[15] Duff MO, Olson S, Wei X, Garrett SC, Osman A, Bolisetty M, et al. (maj 2015). "Genome-wide identification of zero nucleotide recursive splicing in Drosophila". Nature. 521 (7552): 376–9. doi:10.1038/nature14475. PMC 4529404. PMID 25970244.

[16] Szabo L, Morey R, Palpant NJ, Wang PL, Afari N, Jiang C, et al. (juni 2015). "Statistically based splicing detection reveals neural enrichment and tissue-specific induction of circular RNA during human fetal development". Genome Biology. 16: 126. doi:10.1186/s13059-015-0690-5. PMC 4506483. PMID 26076956.

[17] "GDS596 / 202418_at". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Pristupljeno 2. 8. 2020.

[18] "protein YIF1A isoform 2 [Homo sapiens] - Protein - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Pristupljeno 28. 7. 2020.

[:32-19] "protein YIF1A isoform 1 [Homo sapiens] - Protein - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Pristupljeno 28. 7. 2020.

[20] "RBPDB: The database of RNA-binding specificities". rbpdb.ccbr.utoronto.ca. Pristupljeno 1. 8. 2020.

[:22-21] "SAPS < Sequence Statistics < EMBL-EBI". www.ebi.ac.uk. Pristupljeno 28. 7. 2020.

[22] "ExPASy - Compute pI/Mw tool". web.expasy.org. Pristupljeno 28. 7. 2020.

[23] "I-TASSER server for protein structure and function prediction". zhanglab.ccmb.med.umich.edu. Pristupljeno 1. 8. 2020.

[24] "iCn3D: Web-based 3D Structure Viewer". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Pristupljeno 1. 8. 2020.

[25] "NPS@ : GOR4 secondary structure prediction". npsa-prabi.ibcp.fr. Pristupljeno 28. 7. 2020.

[26] "PredictProtein - Protein Sequence Analysis, Prediction of Structural and Functional Features". www.predictprotein.org. Pristupljeno 28. 7. 2020.

[27] "Phobius". phobius.sbc.su.se. Pristupljeno 28. 7. 2020.

[28] "TERMINUS - Welcome to terminus". terminus.unige.ch. Pristupljeno 28. 7. 2020.

[29] "NetPhosK 1.0 Server". www.cbs.dtu.dk. Arhivirano s originala, 9. 7. 2021. Pristupljeno 28. 7. 2020.

[30] "NetGlycate 1.0 Server - prediction results". www.cbs.dtu.dk. Arhivirano s originala, 20. 8. 2021. Pristupljeno 1. 8. 2020.

[31] "YinOYang 1.2 Server". www.cbs.dtu.dk. Pristupljeno 28. 7. 2020.

[32] Kuijpers M, Yu KL, Teuling E, Akhmanova A, Jaarsma D, Hoogenraad CC (juli 2013). "The ALS8 protein VAPB interacts with the ER-Golgi recycling protein YIF1A and regulates membrane delivery into dendrites". The EMBO Journal. 32 (14): 2056–72. doi:10.1038/emboj.2013.131. PMC 3715857. PMID 23736259.

[33] "YIF1A protein (human) - STRING interaction network". string-db.org. Pristupljeno 29. 7. 2020.

[34] Mahen, Robert (9. 4. 2020). "A SARS-CoV-2-Human Protein-Protein Interaction Map Reveals Drug Targets and Potential Drug-Repurposing". dx.doi.org. doi:10.1242/prelights.18355. Pristupljeno 5. 8. 2020.

[35] "Nucleotide BLAST: Search nucleotide databases using a nucleotide query". blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Pristupljeno 3. 8. 2020.

[36] "TimeTree :: The Timescale of Life". www.timetree.org. Pristupljeno 2. 7. 2020.

[37] "Human BLAT Search". genome.ucsc.edu. Pristupljeno 2. 7. 2020.

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