HMBS
Porfobilinogen-deaminaza (hidroksimetilbilan-sintaza ili uroporfirinogen I-sintaza) je enzim (EC 2.5.1.61) koji je kod ljudi kodiran genom HMBS. Porfobilinogen-deaminaza uključena je u treći korak biosintetskog puta hema. Katalizira kondenzaciju četiri molekule porfobilinogena od glave do repa u linearni hidroksimetilbilan dok oslobađa četiri molekule amonijaka:
- 4 porfobilinogen + H2O hidroksimetilbilan+ 4 NH3
Aminokiselinska sekvenca
[uredi | uredi izvor]Dužina polipeptidnog lanca je 361 aminokiselina, a molekulska težina 39.330 Da.[5]
| 10 | 20 | 30 | 40 | 50 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| MSGNGNAAAT | AEENSPKMRV | IRVGTRKSQL | ARIQTDSVVA | TLKASYPGLQ | ||||
| FEIIAMSTTG | DKILDTALSK | IGEKSLFTKE | LEHALEKNEV | DLVVHSLKDL | ||||
| PTVLPPGFTI | GAICKRENPH | DAVVFHPKFV | GKTLETLPEK | SVVGTSSLRR | ||||
| AAQLQRKFPH | LEFRSIRGNL | NTRLRKLDEQ | QEFSAIILAT | AGLQRMGWHN | ||||
| RVGQILHPEE | CMYAVGQGAL | GVEVRAKDQD | ILDLVGVLHD | PETLLRCIAE | ||||
| RAFLRHLEGG | CSVPVAVHTA | MKDGQLYLTG | GVWSLDGSDS | IQETMQATIH | ||||
| VPAQHEDGPE | DDPQLVGITA | RNIPRGPQLA | AQNLGISLAN | LLLSKGAKNI | ||||
| LDVARQLNDA | H |
Struktura i funkcija
[uredi | uredi izvor]Funkcionalno, porfobilinogen-deaminaza katalizira gubitak amonijaka iz monofom-porfobilinogena (deaminacija) i njegovu kasniju polimerizaciju u linearni tetrapirol, koji se oslobađa kao hidroksimetilbilan:
Struktura porfobilinogen-deaminaze od 40-42 kDa, koja je visoko konzervirana među organizmima, sastoji se od tri domena.[6][7] Domeni 1 i 2 su strukturno vrlo slični: kod ljudi, svaki se sastoji od po pet beta-listova i tri alfa-heliksa.[8] Domen 3 je pozicioniran između druga dva i ima spljoštenu geometriju beta-lista. Dipirol, kofaktor ovog enzima koji se sastoji od dvije kondenzirane molekule porfobilinogena, kovalentno je vezan za domen 3 i proteže se u aktivno mjesto, rascjep između domena 1 i 2.[9] Pokazalo se da nekoliko pozitivno nabijenih ostataka arginina, pozicioniranih prema aktivnom mjestu iz domena 1 i 2, stabiliziraju karboksilatne funkcije na dolaznom porfobilinogenu, kao i rastući lanac pirola. Ove strukturne karakteristike vjerovatno pogoduju stvaranju konačnog proizvoda hidroksimetilbilana.[10] Porfobilinogen-deaminaza obično postoji u dimernim jedinicama u ćelijskoj citoplazmi.
Reakcijski mehanizam
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Vjeruje se da prvi korak uključuje eliminaciju E1 amonijaka iz porfobilinogena, stvarajući međuprodukt karbokacije (1).[11] Ovaj intermedijer zatim napada dipirolski kofaktor porfobilinogen-deaminaze, koji nakon gubitka protona daje trimer kovalentno vezan za enzim (2). Ovaj međuprodukt je tada otvoren za daljnju reakciju s porfobilinogenom (1 i 2 ponovljena još tri puta). Kada se formira heksamer, hidroliza omogućava oslobađanje hidroksimetilbilana, kao i regeneraciju kofaktora (3).[12][13]
Patologija
[uredi | uredi izvor]Najpoznatiji zdravstveni problem koji uključuje porfobilinogen-deaminazu je akutna intermitentna porfirija, autosomno dominantni genetički poremećaj, u kojem se nedovoljno stvara hidroksimetilbilan, što dovodi do nakupljanja porfobilinogena u citoplazmi. To je uzrokovano mutacijom gena koja u 90% slučajeva uzrokuje smanjene količine enzima. Međutim, opisane su mutacije u kojima su manje aktivni enzimi i/ili različite izoforme.[14][15][16]
Reference
[uredi | uredi izvor]- ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000256269 - Ensembl, maj 2017
- ^ a b c GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000032126 - Ensembl, maj 2017
- ^ "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
- ^ "UniProt, P08397". Pristupljeno 23. 8. 2021.
- ^ Lannfelt L, Wetterberg L, Lilius L, Thunell S, Jörnvall H, Pavlu B, Wielburski A, Gellerfors P (novembar 1989). "Porphobilinogen deaminase in human erythrocytes: purification of two forms with apparent molecular weights of 40 kDa and 42 kDa". Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 49 (7): 677–84. doi:10.3109/00365518909091544. PMID 2609111.
- ^ Louie GV, Brownlie PD, Lambert R, Cooper JB, Blundell TL, Wood SP, Warren MJ, Woodcock SC, Jordan PM (septembar 1992). "Structure of porphobilinogen deaminase reveals a flexible multidomain polymerase with a single catalytic site". Nature. 359 (6390): 33–9. Bibcode:1992Natur.359...33L. doi:10.1038/359033a0. PMID 1522882. S2CID 4264432.
- ^ Gill R, Kolstoe SE, Mohammed F, Al D-Bass A, Mosely JE, Sarwar M, Cooper JB, Wood SP, Shoolingin-Jordan PM (maj 2009). "Structure of human porphobilinogen deaminase at 2.8 Å: the molecular basis of acute intermittent porphyria" (PDF). Biochem. J. 420 (1): 17–25. doi:10.1042/BJ20082077. PMID 19207107.
- ^ Jordan PM, Warren MJ (decembar 1987). "Evidence for a dipyrromethane cofactor at the catalytic site of E. coli porphobilinogen deaminase". FEBS Lett. 225 (1–2): 87–92. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(87)81136-5. PMID 3079571. S2CID 13483654.
- ^ Lander M, Pitt AR, Alefounder PR, Bardy D, Abell C, Battersby AR (april 1991). "Studies on the mechanism of hydroxymethylbilane synthase concerning the role of arginine residues in substrate binding". Biochem. J. 275 (2): 447–52. doi:10.1042/bj2750447. PMC 1150073. PMID 2025226.
- ^ Pichon C, Clemens KR, Jacobson AR, Ian Scott A (juni 1992). "On the mechanism of porphobilinogen deaminase. Design, synthesis, and enzymatic reactions of novel porphobilinogen analogs". Tetrahedron. 48 (23): 4687–4712. doi:10.1016/S0040-4020(01)81567-2.
- ^ Battersby AR (decembar 2000). "Tetrapyrroles: the pigments of life". Nat Prod Rep. 17 (6): 507–26. doi:10.1039/b002635m. PMID 11152419.
- ^ Leeper FJ (april 1989). "The biosynthesis of porphyrins, chlorophylls, and vitamin B12". Nat Prod Rep. 6 (2): 171–203. doi:10.1039/NP9890600171. PMID 2664584.
- ^ "Entrez Gene: HMBS hydroxymethylbilane synthase".
- ^ Grandchamp B, Picat C, de Rooij F, Beaumont C, Wilson P, Deybach JC, Nordmann Y (august 1989). "A point mutation G----A in exon 12 of the porphobilinogen deaminase gene results in exon skipping and is responsible for acute intermittent porphyria". Nucleic Acids Res. 17 (16): 6637–49. doi:10.1093/nar/17.16.6637. PMC 318356. PMID 2789372.
- ^ Astrin KH, Desnick RJ (1994). "Molecular basis of acute intermittent porphyria: mutations and polymorphisms in the human hydroxymethylbilane synthase gene". Hum. Mutat. 4 (4): 243–52. doi:10.1002/humu.1380040403. PMID 7866402. S2CID 24402776.
Dopunska literatura
[uredi | uredi izvor]- Deybach JC, Puy H (1995). "Porphobilinogen deaminase gene structure and molecular defects". J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 27 (2): 197–205. doi:10.1007/BF02110034. PMID 7592566. S2CID 41764609.
- Astrin KH, Desnick RJ (1995). "Molecular basis of acute intermittent porphyria: mutations and polymorphisms in the human hydroxymethylbilane synthase gene". Hum. Mutat. 4 (4): 243–52. doi:10.1002/humu.1380040403. PMID 7866402. S2CID 24402776.
- Helliwell JR, Nieh YP, Habash J, et al. (2003). "Time-resolved and static-ensemble structural chemistry of hydroxymethylbilane synthase". Faraday Discussions. 122: 131–44, discussion 171–90. Bibcode:2003FaDi..122..131H. doi:10.1039/b201331b. PMID 12555854.
- Hessels J, Voortman G, van der Wagen A, et al. (2004). "Homozygous acute intermittent porphyria in a 7-year-old boy with massive excretions of porphyrins and porphyrin precursors". J. Inherit. Metab. Dis. 27 (1): 19–27. doi:10.1023/B:BOLI.0000016613.75677.05. PMID 14970743. S2CID 9504522.
- Kauppinen R (2004). "Molecular diagnostics of acute intermittent porphyria". Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn. 4 (2): 243–9. doi:10.1586/14737159.4.2.243. PMID 14995910. S2CID 21392441.
- Hrdinka M, Puy H, Martasek P (2007). "May 2006 update in porphobilinogen deaminase gene polymorphisms and mutations causing acute intermittent porphyria: comparison with the situation in Slavic population". Physiological Research. 55 Suppl 2: S119–36. PMID 17298216.
- Kauppinen R, Peltonen L, Pihlaja H, Mustajoki P (1993). "CRIM-positive mutations of acute intermittent porphyria in Finland". Hum. Mutat. 1 (5): 392–6. doi:10.1002/humu.1380010508. PMID 1301948. S2CID 10575526.
- Mgone CS, Lanyon WG, Moore MR, Connor JM (1992). "Detection of seven point mutations in the porphobilinogen deaminase gene in patients with acute intermittent porphyria, by direct sequencing of in vitro amplified cDNA". Hum. Genet. 90 (1–2): 12–6. doi:10.1007/BF00210738. PMID 1427766. S2CID 19680295.
- Gu XF, de Rooij F, Voortman G, et al. (1992). "High frequency of mutations in exon 10 of the porphobilinogen deaminase gene in patients with a CRIM-positive subtype of acute intermittent porphyria". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 51 (3): 660–5. PMC 1682727. PMID 1496994.
- Delfau MH, Picat C, De Rooij F, et al. (1991). "Molecular heterogeneity of acute intermittent porphyria: identification of four additional mutations resulting in the CRIM-negative subtype of the disease". Am. J. Hum. Genet. 49 (2): 421–8. PMC 1683312. PMID 1714233.
- Namba H, Narahara K, Tsuji K, et al. (1991). "Assignment of human porphobilinogen deaminase to 11q24.1----q24.2 by in situ hybridization and gene dosage studies". Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 57 (2–3): 105–8. doi:10.1159/000133123. PMID 1914516.
- Lee JS, Anvret M (1992). "Identification of the most common mutation within the porphobilinogen deaminase gene in Swedish patients with acute intermittent porphyria". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 88 (23): 10912–5. doi:10.1073/pnas.88.23.10912. PMC 53042. PMID 1961762.
- Tunnacliffe A, McGuire RS (1991). "A physical linkage group in human chromosome band 11q23 covering a region implicated in leukocyte neoplasia". Genomics. 8 (3): 447–53. doi:10.1016/0888-7543(90)90030-X. PMID 1981047.
- Scobie GA, Llewellyn DH, Urquhart AJ, et al. (1990). "Acute intermittent porphyria caused by a C----T mutation that produces a stop codon in the porphobilinogen deaminase gene". Hum. Genet. 85 (6): 631–4. doi:10.1007/BF00193588. PMID 2227955. S2CID 28858687.
- Delfau MH, Picat C, de Rooij FW, et al. (1990). "Two different point G to A mutations in exon 10 of the porphobilinogen deaminase gene are responsible for acute intermittent porphyria". J. Clin. Invest. 86 (5): 1511–6. doi:10.1172/JCI114869. PMC 296897. PMID 2243128.
- Raich N, Romeo PH, Dubart A, et al. (1986). "Molecular cloning and complete primary sequence of human erythrocyte porphobilinogen deaminase". Nucleic Acids Res. 14 (15): 5955–68. doi:10.1093/nar/14.15.5955. PMC 311614. PMID 2875434.
- Vidaud M, Gattoni R, Stevenin J, et al. (1989). "A 5' splice-region G----C mutation in exon 1 of the human beta-globin gene inhibits pre-mRNA splicing: a mechanism for beta+-thalassemia". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 86 (3): 1041–5. Bibcode:1989PNAS...86.1041V. doi:10.1073/pnas.86.3.1041. PMC 286617. PMID 2915972.
Vanjski linkovi
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