Wikipedia

Indijski potkontinent

potkontinent u južnoj Aziji

Indijski potkontinent[a] jest fiziografska regija u južnoj Aziji, uglavnom smještena na Indijskoj ploči, koja se sa Himalaja pruža prema jugu u Indijski okean. Geopolitički, obuhvata velike kopnene mase zemalja Bangladeša, Butana, Indije, Maldiva, Nepala, Pakistana, i Šri Lanke.[1][2][3][4] Iako se termini "indijski potkontinent" i "južna Azija" često koriste naizmjenično za označavanje regiona, geopolitički termin Južne Azije često uključuje Afganistan, što se ne smatra dijelom potkontinenta.[5]

Indijski potkontinent
Geopolitičko pokrivanje potkontinenta
Površina4.440.000 km2
Br. stanovnikaoko 1.8 milijardi
DemonimJužni Azijati
Desi
Države
Zavisne
teritorije
Spisak
JeziciJezici južne Azije
Vremenske zoneUTC +6
UTC +5:45
UTC +5:30
UTC +5
Najveći gradovi
10 najvećih

Geološki, potkontinent potiče iz Indijskog ostrva, izolovane kopnene mase koja se odvojila od superkontinenta Gondvane tokom krede i spojila se sa kopnom Evroazije prije skoro 55 miliona godina, formirajući Himalaje.[6] Historijski gledano, kao i do danas, to je i bio i idalje jeste najnaseljenija regija na svijetu, u kojoj živi otprilike 20-25% globalne populacije u svim vremenima u historiji. Geografski, to je poluostrvo u južnoj Aziji smješteno ispod Trećeg pola, ocrtano Himalajima na sjeveru, Hindukušom na zapadu i Indo-Burmanskim planinskim lancima na istoku.[7] Susjedne geografske regije oko potkontinenta uključuju Tibetansku visoravan na sjeveru, Indokinesko poluostrvo na istoku, Iransku visoravan na zapadu i Indijski okean na jugu.

Etimologija

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U mnogim historijskim izvorima, regija koja okružuje i jugoistočno od rijeke Ind nazivana je jednostavno "Indija".[8] Historičari idalje koriste ovaj izraz za označavanje cijelog indijskog potkontinenta u raspravama o historiji sve do ere Britanske Indije.[8] Tokom ovog perioda, "Indija" se odnosila na poseban politički entitet koji je kasnije postao nezavisna država.[8]

Prema Oksfordskom rječniku engleskog jezika, izraz potkontinent označava "podjelu kontinenta koja ima poseban geografski, politički ili kulturni identitet" i također "veliku kopnenu masu nešto manju od kontinenta".[9][10] Njegova upotreba za označavanje indijskog potkontinenta dokazana je od ranog dvadesetog vijeka kada je većina teritorije bila ili dio Britanskog carstva ili u savezu s njima.[11][12][13] Bio je prikladan izraz za označavanje regije koja se sastoji od Britanske Indije i kneževskih država.[14][15]

Termin je posebno bio uobičajen u Britanskoj imperiji i njenim nasljednicima,[16] dok je izraz Južna Azija češća upotreba u Evropi i Sjevernoj Americi.[17][18] Prema historičarima Sugata Bose i Ayesha Jalal, indijski potkontinent je postao poznat kao Južna Azija "u novijem i neutralnom jeziku".[19] Indolog Ronald B. Inden tvrdi da upotreba termina Južna Azija postaje sve raširenija jer jasno razlikuje region od Istočne Azije.[20] Dok Južna Azija, precizniji izraz koji odražava savremena politička razgraničenja regije, zamjenjuje indijski potkontinent, termin koji je usko povezan s kolonijalnim naslijeđem regije, kao naslovni termin, potonji se još uvijek široko koristi u tipološkim studijama.[21][22]

Od podjele Indije, građani Pakistana (koji je postao nezavisan od Britanske Indije 1947) i Bangladeša (koji je postao nezavisan od Pakistana 1971) često percipiraju korištenje indijskog potkontinenta kao uvredljivo i sumnjivo zbog dominantnog položaja Indije u pojam. Kao takav se sve manje koristi u tim zemljama.[24] U međuvremenu, mnogi indijski analitičari radije koriste ovaj termin zbog sociokulturnih zajedništva u regionu.[25] Region se takođe naziva "azijski potkontinent",[26][27] "južnoazijski potkontinent",[28][29][30] kao i "Indija" ili "Velika Indija" u klasičnim i premodernim smislima.[31][32][33]

Geologija

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S lijeva na desno, odvajanje indijskog potkontinenta od Gondvane prije 150 miliona godina, 120 miliona godina, 80 miliona godina i tokom paleocena.
 
Zbog tektonike ploča, Indijska ploča se odvojila od Madagaskara i sudarila (oko 55 miliona godina) sa Evroazijskom pločom, što je rezultiralo formiranjem Himalaja.

Indijski potkontinent je ranije bio dio Gondvane, superkontinenta koji je nastao tokom kasnog neoproterozoika i ranog paleozoika.[6] Gondvana je počela da se raspada tokom mezozoika, sa Indijskim ostrvom koji se odvojio od Antarktika prije 130-120 miliona godina[34] i Madagaskara prije oko 90 miliona godina,[35] tokom krede. Ostrvska Indija se kasnije povukla prema sjeveroistoku, sudarajući se s Evroazijskom pločom prije skoro 55 miliona godina, tokom eocena, formirajući Indijski potkontinent.[6] Zona u kojoj se spajaju euroazijska i indijska potkontinentna ploča ostaje geološki aktivna, sklona velikim potresima.[36]

Fiziografski, to je poluostrvo u južnoj Aziji ocrtano Himalajima na sjeveru, Hindukušom na zapadu i Arakanom na istoku.[7][37] Proteže se prema jugu u Indijski okean sa Arapskim morem na jugozapadu i Bengalskim zalivom na jugoistoku.[38] Većina ove regije počiva na Indijskoj ploči i izolirana je od ostatka Azije velikim planinskim barijerama. Lakadivska ostrva, Maldivi i arhipelag Chagos su tri niza koralnih atola, zaliva i farskih ostrva na indijskoj ploči zajedno sa grebenom Čagos-Lakadiv, podmorskim grebenom koji je nastao sjevernim pomijeranjem Indijske ploče preko žarišta Reunion tokom Krede i ranog kenozoika.[39][40][41] Maldivski arhipelag se uzdiže iz podruma vulkanskih bazaltnih izliva sa dubine od oko 2000m formirajući središnji dio grebena između Laccadiva i Velike Chagos obale .[41]

Geografija

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Rijeka Ind definira veći dio ekosistema na indijskom potkontinentu.

Prema antropologu Johnu R. Lukacsu, "indijski potkontinent zauzima glavnu kopnenu masu Južne Azije."[42] Prema historičaru BN Mukherjeeju, "Potkontinent je nedjeljiv geografski entitet."[43] Prema geografu Dudleyju Stampu, "možda ne postoji kopneni dio svijeta koji je priroda bolje označila kao regija ili 'carstvo' od Indijskog potkontinenta."[44]

Ova prirodna fizička kopnena masa u južnoj Aziji je kopneni dio Indijske ploče, koji je relativno izoliran od ostatka Euroazije.[45] Himalaji (od rijeke Brahmaputre na istoku do rijeke Ind na zapadu), Karakoram (od rijeke Ind na istoku do rijeke Yarkand na zapadu) i planine Hindu Kuša (od rijeke Yarkand na zapadu) čine njegovu sjevernu granicu.[46][47] Na zapadu je omeđen dijelovima planinskih lanaca Hindu Kuša, Spin Ghara (Safed Koh), Sulaiman planina, Kirthar planina, Brahui i Pab i, između ostalih,[46] sa zapadnim pregibnim pojasom duž granice ( između lanca Sulaiman i rasjeda Chaman),[48] gdje se, duž istočnog Hindukuša, nalazi granica između Afganistana i Pakistana. Na istoku je omeđen brdima Patkai, Naga, Lushai i Chin.[46] Indijski okean, Bengalski zaliv i Arapsko more čine granicu indijskog potkontinenta na jugu, jugoistoku i jugozapadu.[46]

S obzirom na teškoće prolaska kroz Himalaje, sociokulturna, vjerska i politička interakcija indijskog potkontinenta uglavnom se odvijala kroz doline Afganistana na njegovom sjeverozapadu, dolinama Manipura na njegovom istoku, i pomorskim putevima.[45] Teža, ali historijski važna interakcija takođe se dogodila kroz odlomke koje su koristili Tibetanci. Ovi putevi i interakcije doveli su do širenja budizma sa potkontinenta u druge dijelove Azije. Islamska ekspanzija stigla je na potkontinent na dva načina: preko Afganistana na kopnu i do indijske obale preko pomorskih puteva na Arapskom moru.[45]

Geopolitika

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Kamena unutrašnjost Himalaja.

U smislu modernih geopolitičkih granica, potkontinent čini Bangladeš, Butan, Indiju, Nepal i Pakistan, osim, po konvenciji, ostrvsku državu Šri Lanku i druge obližnje ostrvske države Indijskog okeana, kao što su Maldivi i Britanske indijskookeanske teritorije.[potreban citat][2][3][49][50][51] za razliku od "Južne Azije", ponekad izraz "indijski potkontinent" može isključiti ostrva Maldive i Šri Lanku.[52] Prema Chrisu Brewsteru i Wolfgangu Mayrhoferu, Indija, Pakistan, Bangladeš, Šri Lanka, Nepal i Butan čine indijski potkontinent. Brewster i Mayrhofer također tvrde da se s Afganistanom i Maldivima region naziva Južna Azija.[53] Na periferiji potkontinenta, uključujući Pakistan, Bangladeš i ostrvske lance Maldiva, živi velika muslimanska populacija, dok je srce, uključujući većinu Indije, Nepala i Šri Lanke, pretežno hinduističko ili budističko.[54] Budući da se većina ovih zemalja nalazi na Indijskoj ploči, neprekinutoj kopnenoj masi, granice između zemalja često su ili rijeka ili ničija zemlja.[55]

Precizna definicija "indijskog potkontinenta" u geopolitičkom kontekstu je donekle sporna jer ne postoji globalno prihvaćena definicija o tome koje su zemlje dio južne Azije ili indijskog potkontinenta.[56][57][58][4] Bilo da se zove Indijski potkontinent ili Južna Azija, definicija geografskog opsega ove regije varira.[59][60] Afganistan, iako se često smatra dijelom južne Azije, obično nije uključen u indijski potkontinent.[56][61][62][63][64][65] Maldivi, ostrvska država koja se sastoji od malog arhipelaga jugozapadno od poluotoka, iako se uglavnom smatra dijelom indijskog potkontinenta,[3] ponekad se spominje u izvorima, uključujući Međunarodni monetarni fond, kao grupa ostrva udaljena od indijskog potkontinenta u pravcu jugozapada.[66][67]

Kultura

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Religija

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Glavni članak: Južna Azija § Religija

Sport

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Glavni članci: Sport u južnoj Aziji i Tradicionalne igre južne Azije

Kriket je najpopularniji sport na potkontinentu,[68] sa 90% obožavatelja ovog sporta širom svijeta na potkontinentu.[69] Postoje i neke tradicionalne igre, kao što su kabaddi i kho-kho, koje se igraju širom regiona i zvanično na Južnoazijskim igrama i Azijskim igrama.[70][71][72] Lige koje su stvorene za ove tradicionalne sportove (kao što su Pro Kabaddi Liga i Ultimate Kho Kho) su neka od najgledanijih sportskih takmičenja na potkontinentu.[73][74]

Također pogledajte

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Napomene

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  1. ^ Ponekad se jednostavno naziva "potkontinent" u južnoazijskom kontekstu.

Reference

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    Raj S. Bhopal, Ethnicity, race, and health in multicultural societies, pages 33, Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-19-856817-7; Quote: "The term South Asian refers to populations originating from the Indian subcontinent, effectively India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka;

    Lucian W. Pye & Mary W. Pye, Asian Power and Politics, pages 133, Harvard University Press, 1985, ISBN 0-674-04979-9 Quote: "The complex culture of the Indian subcontinent, or South Asia, presents a tradition comparable to Confucianism."

    Mark Juergensmeyer, The Oxford handbook of global religions, pages 465, Oxford University Press US, 2006, ISBN 0-19-513798-1

    Sugata Bose & Ayesha Jalal, Modern South Asia, page 3, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-415-30787-2
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    Jona Razzaque, Public Interest Environmental Litigation in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, page 3, Kluwer Law International, 2004, ISBN 9789041122148 "Yet, because citizens of Pakistan (which was carved out of India in 1947 and has had recurring conflicts with India since then) and of Bangladesh (which became separated from Pakistan by civil war in 1971) might find offensive the dominant placement of India in the term "Indian subcontinent", many scholars today prefer the more recently adopted designation 'South Asia.'"

    Sushil Mittal and Gene Thursby, Religions of South Asia: An Introduction, page 3, Routledge, 2006, ISBN 9781134593224

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    Jim Norwine & Alfonso González, The Third World: states of mind and being, pages 209, Taylor & Francis, 1988, ISBN 0-04-910121-8ISBN 0-04-910121-8 Quote: ""The term "South Asia" also signifies the Indian Subcontinent""

    Raj S. Bhopal, Ethnicity, race, and health in multicultural societies, pages 33, Oxford University Press, 2007, ISBN 0-19-856817-7ISBN 0-19-856817-7; Quote: "The term South Asian refers to populations originating from the Indian subcontinent, effectively India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Sri Lanka;

    Lucian W. Pye & Mary W. Pye, Asian Power and Politics, pages 133, Harvard University Press, 1985, ISBN 0-674-04979-9ISBN 0-674-04979-9 Quote: "The complex culture of the Indian subcontinent, or South Asia, presents a tradition comparable to Confucianism."

    Mark Juergensmeyer, The Oxford handbook of global religions, pages 465, Oxford University Press US, 2006, ISBN 0-19-513798-1ISBN 0-19-513798-1

    Sugata Bose & Ayesha Jalal, Modern South Asia, page 3, Routledge, 2004, ISBN 0-415-30787-2ISBN 0-415-30787-2
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