Derya Yılmaz
Derya Yilmaz is an Associate Professor at Ankara University, Turkey. She received her Ph.D. at Ankara University in 2010. She has held as a visiting scholar at the University of Cambridge (2012, 2019-2020), Freie Universität Berlin (2014), Eurasia Department of German Archaeologisches Institute (2014), Berlin. Her specialization is Early Bronze Age Archaeology in Anatolia and in the Ancient Near East, focusing on cultural interactions. She has worked as a team member at Alaca Höyük (1997-2000), Acem Höyük (2001-2003), Köşk Höyük (2001-2003), Liman Tepe (2004-2007), Çeşme Bağlararası (2005-2006), Sirkeli Höyük (2012-2013), and Resuloğlu Höyük (2008-2010, 2014-2019). She was co-director of Maydos Kilisetepe Excavation in Eceabat-Gallipoli Çanakkale between 2012-2017. She was director of Çanakkale central province archaeological field survey Project from the Neolithic Age to the end of the Iron Age conducted in years between 2016-2018. Currently, Derya is the director of the Külhöyük excavation at Gölbaşı-Ankara, which the Ankara Anatolian Civilizations Museum excavated for 14 seasons between 1992-2006 years.
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determined at the Çanakkale central district surface survey conducted in 2016-2018. It has been mentioned
that presence of satellite cities around Troy at the research at Troy. However, detailed information about the
location, number, dimensions of these settlements are not available. This project has been developed upon the
problem of whether there are settlements in the region that include contemporary layers with Troy. Prehistoric
and Protohistoric Period studies concentrated in previously known settlements in the vicinity of Troy and more
on the coastal plain. Since no work has been done covering from Neolithic Period to the end of the Iron Age all
the central district borders of Çanakkale, the aim of this study detection of settlement patterns especially in
this area and their connections with some settlements known like Troy. Spatial analysis of the data obtained
from the archaeological survey of the central district of Çanakkale province was made using geographic information systems (GIS).
In this study, Madenkaya/ Kaletaş Tepe sample was evaluated. The UAV images obtained
during the surface survey were processed in Agisoft PhotoScan Professional software to obtain orthomosaic
images, 3D point clouds, 3D surface model, digital elevation model (DEM) data, and contours. DEM data and
contours were used for the spatial analysis slope map, aspect map, and visibility analysis by ArcGIS. Thus,
the physical detail of the archeological settlements, their geographical location and topographic structure, and
structural characteristics of settlement areas were well-determined using GIS-based spatial analysis methods in
the central district boundaries of Çanakkale province.
Key Words: Geographic Information System (GIS), Settlement Pattern, Spatial Analysis, Surface Survey,
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are equipped with a pilotless aircraft equipped with sensors, providing high-resolution temporal and spatial images at low cost, unlike traditional remote sensing methods. In recent years, UAVs have been used extensively in archaeological research as well as in many disciplines. In field work, Foif A30 model Geodetic GPS was used to determine the coordinates of the ground control points and to measure the residues on the surface (Fig.:1). DJI Mavic Pro UAV was also used for aerial photography and video capturing (Fig.:2). The UAV is a quadcopter with a weight of 734 grams, including batteries and a camera. The system has a flight time of up to 27 minutes with 3830 mAh batteries. The pictures were taken in a visible band and jpeg format with a 12 Megapixel DJI camera at a height range of 30-40m.
The flight plan was prepared with Pix4D software smartphone application before the image acquisition (Fig.:3). In the flight plan, the coordinates of the home point are recorded by the UAV and it also records when it is returned in case of emergency. Flight routes include the home point, turning points, landing point and flight heights. The coordinates of the home point and the photographs taken are determined by the GPS on the UAV and the coordinate precision is increased using the ground control points. Geographical coordinates were used to determine the location. UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) Projection 3 degree and ED50 (European Datum 1950) Datum coordinates were transformed and integration of image with terrestrial measurements. Agisoft PhotoScan image processing software was used to model UAV images. As a result of image processing, orthophoto (orthomosaic), three dimensional point cloud and three dimensional terrain model were created. The image modeling work flow chart is presented in Fig. 4.
In this study, the Iron Age archaeological sites in Çanakkale were first identified by surface surveys. Residue plans of Asarlık Settlement in Ortaca Village, Asarlıkkaya Fortress in Osmanlar Village, Damyeri Fortress in Damyeri Village, Madenkaya Fortress in Serçeler Village, and Sivricetepe Fortress in Ortaca Village plans were drawn.
Saving time and cost was possible using UAV-supported works in an extremely effective manner in the archeological sites. For example, on a high hill such as Sivricetepe Fortress and almost completely covered with vegetation, the UAV images provided the identification of the wall line which was partially under vegetation and gave effective results. Thus, the architectural plan of the city walls and the remains of the structures within the settlements was drawn. In addition, by combining the data obtained from each settlement, it facilitated the obtaining of effective results particularly in interpreting the geographical location characteristics and distances of each Iron Age settlement.
The subject of this study is trade in Anatolia during the Early Bronze Age. With examples from various regions of Anatolia dimensions of trade and its contribution to the development of the Anatolian economy. On the other hand, trade models and types in Anatolia are tried to be determined with examples. The number of excavations and surveys carried out in Anatolia during the Early Bronze Age has been increasing in recent years. This situation increases our knowledge about Early Bronze Age Anatolia. There is quite a lot of data about the Anatolian economy in this period. However, it is noteworthy that there is a limited number of general studies on trade and commercial products, which are perhaps the most concrete actions of the economy. The main objective of this study was made available upon with concrete examples of how the trade is to reach a general assessment on trading results based on archaeological evidence and archaeometric analysis. Within this framework, interregional trade in Anatolia and long-distance trade outside Anatolia were evaluated together. In the light of archaeological evidence, it was concluded that trade was conducted interregional trade in Anatolia during the Early Bronze Age and that it was engaged in commercial activities with contemporary cultures of Syria, Mesopotamia and the Aegean World. In long-distance trade, a large link network consisting of large main settlements and / or smaller intermediate settlements, possibly involving multiple settlements on the geographically optimal road network, should be established with the support of the governing classes in the cities. As a result, the existence of commercial activities with interregional in Anatolia and long-distance with Anatolia during the Early Bronze Age is proved by archaeological data. Various archaeological evidence has been evaluated in this study. A limited number of archaeological evidence has been evaluated in this study. It is accepted that globalization started in the Near East in this period when commercial relations increased.
Crescentic axe heads appear in Anatolia, Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia, Iran, Caucasia and Egypt during the
Early Bronze Age. This study establishes the cultural relations between West and Central Anatolia during the Early Bronze
Age; based on crescentic axe heads. All of the finds, which are discussed in this study, are either unstratified examples from
hoards or come from graves. Based on their body forms two types of crescentic axe heads are analyzed. Type 1 has a simple
crescent-shaped form with a short tang, which includes one rivet hole. Type 2 has a large curved crescent-shaped form
with a narrow flanged-back blade and three rivet tangs. Throughout the EBA II and III periods, crescentic axe heads must
have spread due to their easy transport for trade activities or through the connections between local metal workshops.
Similar and contemporary finds in culturally distinctive Western and Central Anatolia indicates that interregional relations
were more intense than originally thought, throughout the Early Bronze Age. Crescentic axe heads, which reflect the cultural
relations between Western and Central Anatolia, also indicate the presence of an international trade that extended all
the way to Syria, Palestine and Mesopotamia.
determined at the Çanakkale central district surface survey conducted in 2016-2018. It has been mentioned
that presence of satellite cities around Troy at the research at Troy. However, detailed information about the
location, number, dimensions of these settlements are not available. This project has been developed upon the
problem of whether there are settlements in the region that include contemporary layers with Troy. Prehistoric
and Protohistoric Period studies concentrated in previously known settlements in the vicinity of Troy and more
on the coastal plain. Since no work has been done covering from Neolithic Period to the end of the Iron Age all
the central district borders of Çanakkale, the aim of this study detection of settlement patterns especially in
this area and their connections with some settlements known like Troy. Spatial analysis of the data obtained
from the archaeological survey of the central district of Çanakkale province was made using geographic information systems (GIS).
In this study, Madenkaya/ Kaletaş Tepe sample was evaluated. The UAV images obtained
during the surface survey were processed in Agisoft PhotoScan Professional software to obtain orthomosaic
images, 3D point clouds, 3D surface model, digital elevation model (DEM) data, and contours. DEM data and
contours were used for the spatial analysis slope map, aspect map, and visibility analysis by ArcGIS. Thus,
the physical detail of the archeological settlements, their geographical location and topographic structure, and
structural characteristics of settlement areas were well-determined using GIS-based spatial analysis methods in
the central district boundaries of Çanakkale province.
Key Words: Geographic Information System (GIS), Settlement Pattern, Spatial Analysis, Surface Survey,
Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV)
Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are equipped with a pilotless aircraft equipped with sensors, providing high-resolution temporal and spatial images at low cost, unlike traditional remote sensing methods. In recent years, UAVs have been used extensively in archaeological research as well as in many disciplines. In field work, Foif A30 model Geodetic GPS was used to determine the coordinates of the ground control points and to measure the residues on the surface (Fig.:1). DJI Mavic Pro UAV was also used for aerial photography and video capturing (Fig.:2). The UAV is a quadcopter with a weight of 734 grams, including batteries and a camera. The system has a flight time of up to 27 minutes with 3830 mAh batteries. The pictures were taken in a visible band and jpeg format with a 12 Megapixel DJI camera at a height range of 30-40m.
The flight plan was prepared with Pix4D software smartphone application before the image acquisition (Fig.:3). In the flight plan, the coordinates of the home point are recorded by the UAV and it also records when it is returned in case of emergency. Flight routes include the home point, turning points, landing point and flight heights. The coordinates of the home point and the photographs taken are determined by the GPS on the UAV and the coordinate precision is increased using the ground control points. Geographical coordinates were used to determine the location. UTM (Universal Transverse Mercator) Projection 3 degree and ED50 (European Datum 1950) Datum coordinates were transformed and integration of image with terrestrial measurements. Agisoft PhotoScan image processing software was used to model UAV images. As a result of image processing, orthophoto (orthomosaic), three dimensional point cloud and three dimensional terrain model were created. The image modeling work flow chart is presented in Fig. 4.
In this study, the Iron Age archaeological sites in Çanakkale were first identified by surface surveys. Residue plans of Asarlık Settlement in Ortaca Village, Asarlıkkaya Fortress in Osmanlar Village, Damyeri Fortress in Damyeri Village, Madenkaya Fortress in Serçeler Village, and Sivricetepe Fortress in Ortaca Village plans were drawn.
Saving time and cost was possible using UAV-supported works in an extremely effective manner in the archeological sites. For example, on a high hill such as Sivricetepe Fortress and almost completely covered with vegetation, the UAV images provided the identification of the wall line which was partially under vegetation and gave effective results. Thus, the architectural plan of the city walls and the remains of the structures within the settlements was drawn. In addition, by combining the data obtained from each settlement, it facilitated the obtaining of effective results particularly in interpreting the geographical location characteristics and distances of each Iron Age settlement.
The subject of this study is trade in Anatolia during the Early Bronze Age. With examples from various regions of Anatolia dimensions of trade and its contribution to the development of the Anatolian economy. On the other hand, trade models and types in Anatolia are tried to be determined with examples. The number of excavations and surveys carried out in Anatolia during the Early Bronze Age has been increasing in recent years. This situation increases our knowledge about Early Bronze Age Anatolia. There is quite a lot of data about the Anatolian economy in this period. However, it is noteworthy that there is a limited number of general studies on trade and commercial products, which are perhaps the most concrete actions of the economy. The main objective of this study was made available upon with concrete examples of how the trade is to reach a general assessment on trading results based on archaeological evidence and archaeometric analysis. Within this framework, interregional trade in Anatolia and long-distance trade outside Anatolia were evaluated together. In the light of archaeological evidence, it was concluded that trade was conducted interregional trade in Anatolia during the Early Bronze Age and that it was engaged in commercial activities with contemporary cultures of Syria, Mesopotamia and the Aegean World. In long-distance trade, a large link network consisting of large main settlements and / or smaller intermediate settlements, possibly involving multiple settlements on the geographically optimal road network, should be established with the support of the governing classes in the cities. As a result, the existence of commercial activities with interregional in Anatolia and long-distance with Anatolia during the Early Bronze Age is proved by archaeological data. Various archaeological evidence has been evaluated in this study. A limited number of archaeological evidence has been evaluated in this study. It is accepted that globalization started in the Near East in this period when commercial relations increased.
Crescentic axe heads appear in Anatolia, Syria, Palestine, Mesopotamia, Iran, Caucasia and Egypt during the
Early Bronze Age. This study establishes the cultural relations between West and Central Anatolia during the Early Bronze
Age; based on crescentic axe heads. All of the finds, which are discussed in this study, are either unstratified examples from
hoards or come from graves. Based on their body forms two types of crescentic axe heads are analyzed. Type 1 has a simple
crescent-shaped form with a short tang, which includes one rivet hole. Type 2 has a large curved crescent-shaped form
with a narrow flanged-back blade and three rivet tangs. Throughout the EBA II and III periods, crescentic axe heads must
have spread due to their easy transport for trade activities or through the connections between local metal workshops.
Similar and contemporary finds in culturally distinctive Western and Central Anatolia indicates that interregional relations
were more intense than originally thought, throughout the Early Bronze Age. Crescentic axe heads, which reflect the cultural
relations between Western and Central Anatolia, also indicate the presence of an international trade that extended all
the way to Syria, Palestine and Mesopotamia.
The cross-cultural interactions
between Anatolia and the Balkans
during the third millennium BC has
proven by the archaeological materials.
The aim of this study is to uncover the
interactions between Anatolia and the
Balkans by evaluating the typology and
chronology of archaeological evidences
in the light of cultural contacts.
Connections between Anatolia and the
Thrace had been provided ever since
as known in early 1900's. The discovery
of depas amphikypellon at Mikhalits
near Svilingrad in 1940's have put these
connections in an entirely new light.
Small finds are one of the most important
components of a culture. With easy
imitation and transport potential, it is also
the best indicator of cultural interactions.
Throughout the Early Bronze Age,
various ceramic cultures developed
both in Anatolia and in the Balkans. As
a result of trade and cultural contacts,
the local characteristic ceramics such as
depas, tankard, Syrian bottle, hornedhandle and tab-handle begin to be seen
in a wider geographical area than their
original distribution. The similar types
of material culture remains, such as ring
idols, pierced-headed idols, several types
of rings (Earring/Hair-rings), torques,
shaft-hole hammer-axes, recovered in
the both regions and show the cultural
interactions between the regions with
different cultural characteristics during
the third millennium BC. It is understand
that within these cross-cultural
interactions not only goods, but also ideas
about production could be circulated.
Keywords: Anatolia, Balkan, Interaction,
Early Bronze Age, Trade
Early Bronze Age Burial Customs in Central Anatolia
This study covers the geography of the Central Anatolia, in other words, the Çankırı,
Çorum, Amasya, Samsun, Tokat, Yozgat, Ankara, Kırşehir, Aksaray provinces with
the Halys River bend including the Central Black Sea region. Central Anatolia was
known as the Hattian Region during the EBA period. The cuneiform texts of Akkadian Kings confirm that they have been invaded into Anatolia for military reasons
and, therefore, the end of the EBA period has an Akkadian connection. It is understood that there were city-states ruled by kings in Central Anatolia. Hattian settlements were intensified, especially around Çorum and Çankırı - the region known
as the Hatti Heartland - and the graves found in the cemeteries dating back to EBA
period expand our knowledge and understanding of Hattian burial customs.
Central Anatolia provides rich evidence with respect to burial and funerary practices. When it is viewed that at the entire region, it is worth noting that graves or
cemeteries were more concentrated in the north rather than the south, particularly within the Halys river bend. There was no significant change in burial traditions during the EBA period. However, it is known that the first Royal Cemeteries emerged in Central Anatolia during EBA 3 period. We see mainly intramural
graves in the south of Central Anatolia and the numbers of extramural cemeteries
increase in the north during EBA period. The population growth must have been
the reason for the development of extramural graves. In general, inhumation in
hocker positions is widely seen throughout the region; however, many graves in
dorsal positions are also unearthed in the Black Sea Region. Simple earth, pot,
pithos, and cist graves were continually used in the region, as in the Chalcolithic
Age; however, the chamber tombs and the round stone cist graves were first seen
in the EBA period. Alaca Höyük's intramural chamber tombs contained rich grave
goods and therefore confirm the existence of a ruling class in this period. It has
been observed that although the Chalcolithic Period grave types and inhumation
traditions had been continued, the death cult practices became more varied in the
EBA period. Rich grave goods of Central Anatolia allow to make typological comparisons and form chronological connections between Mesopotamia, Iran, Syria,
Egypt, the Caucasus, the Balkans, and the Aegean. Furthermore, these connections
help us date the graves of Central Anatolia and also display the presence of cultural
links with the Near East.
Keywords: Central Anatolia, Burial Customs, Early Bronze Age, Grave Goods, Socio
Cultural Structure
Weaving in Anatolia from the Neolithic Period to the end of the
Early Bronze Age in the Light of Archaeological Finds
This study focuses on data relating to early weaving in Anatolia. In
fact, weaving, which dates back to the Paleolithic Age, is one of the
oldest occupations of humanity. In this context, an evaluation of the
development and technology of weaving in the light of archaeological
finds in the period from the Neolithic Period to the end of the Early
Bronze Age in Anatolia has been attempted. The first pieces of fabric
and weaving tools found in settlements dating to the Neolithic Period in
Anatolia provide important information about weaving. The first fibers
were bark fibers and plant fibers such as flax. In addition, the absence of
weaving weights and spindle whorls in settlements such as Çatalhöyük
is important in terms of showing that different techniques were applied
here at the beginning of weaving technology. The existence of fabrics
woven on weightless horizontal looms gives clues to the use of spindles
without spindle whorls or wooden spindle whorls that have not survived
until today. However, weaving weights found in Aşağı Pınar document
that production was carried out on weighted looms. This shows that
there were regional differences in weaving technology in the Neolithic
Period. In Anatolia, in the Chalcolithic Age, an increase is observed in
by-products, especially in parallel with the development of animal husbandry.
It is noteworthy that wool as an animal fiber started to become
widespread in this period. There is also an increase in the number of
terracotta or stone spindle whorls and loom weights. It is understood
from fabric remains that wool and linen weighted weaving was practised
in this period. The diameter and weight of the spindle whorls are very
important as they give information about the thickness of the fiber that
was being spun. Likewise, the width and weight of the loom weights
are important. While the weight helps to calculate what thickness of
rope tension it provides, if found in situ associated with loom residue,
the remains can give the width of the woven fabric when juxtaposed
on a loom. Unfortunately, a study that lacks these basic measurements
is tantamount to ignoring potential information. In the Early Bronze
Age, an increase in weaving activities is probably observed in parallel
with the increase in population. It is understood from the numerical
density of weaving tools that there was industrial scale production in
some settlements such as Troy and İkiztepe. moreover, it is known that there was a cloth trade between Harran, an important city-kingdom,
and the city of Ebla in Syria during this period. Surplus products from
weaving were probably used for trade. In Mesopotamian mythology,
the existence of the Goddess Uttu related to weaving is known. The
existence of some rituals related to the goddess indicates that there may
be symbolic meanings in the light of written documents on weaving.
Wool and linen fabrics are known to exist in the Early Bronze Age. It is
known that the fabric was used to wrap weapons in tombs or to wrap the
dead. Moreover, golden appliqués in the Alaca Höyük royal tombs, and
the remains of fabrics found in the royal grave of Arslantepe, suggest
that the dead were buried in clothes. It has been determined that in this
period vertical warp-weighted weaving looms were used in weaving
technology throughout Anatolia.
Keywords: Weaving Tools, Textile Production, Neolithic, Chalcolithic,
Early Bronze Age, Anatolia
In general, inhumation in hocker positions was widely seen throughout the region; however, many graves in dorsal positions were also unearthed in the Black Sea Region. Simple earth, pot, pithos and cist graves were continually used in the region, as in the Chalcolithic Age; however the chamber tombs and the round stone cist graves were first seen in the EBA. Alaca Höyük intramural chamber tombs contained rich grave goods and therefore confirm the existence of a ruling class in this period. It also provides a narrative of the burial customs of the elite. Rich grave goods allow us to make typological comparisons and form chronological connections between Mesopotamia, Iran, Syria, Egypt, Caucasus, the Balkans and the Aegean. Furthermore, these connections help us date the graves of Central Anatolia and also display the presence of cultural links with the Near East. It has been observed that although the Chalcolithic Period grave types and inhumation traditions had been continued, the death cult practices became more varied in the EBA. For example, cattle head and feet or goat bones that were unearthed in chamber tombs indicate that animal sacrifices were regularly carried out at burial ceremonies. The tradition of placing cattle head and feet on the grave was seen in the Alaca Höyük royal graves, and recent excavations reveal that the same tradition was carried out in the Resuloğlu EBA Cemetery. This is significant as it shows us that this tradition was not only carried out at royal burials, but also at publics funerals as well. The tradition of placing cattle pieces on top of graves is a Hattian practice that occurred in the north part of Central Anatolia, around the provinces of Çorum and Çankırı.
Presentation link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UoV1cImuJhs
Svend Hansen (DAI),
Jürgen Renn (MPIWG),
Florian Klimscha (TOPOI/DAI),
Jochen Bütter (TOPOI/MPIWG),
Barbara Helwing (Université Lyon),
Ianir Milevski (IAA Jerusalem),
Derya Yilmaz (Univ. Canakkale),
Christian Horn (CAU Kiel),
Austin Hill (Univ. of Conneticut),
Cathrin Frieman (ANU Canberra)
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