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However, many outside of conservative Twitter took umbrage with the news and pointed to legacy students, or individuals given preference because their relatives have attended a college, as its own form of affirmative action.

While still a majority, support among white men trails support among white women for affirmative action programs for women and for minorities.

Today the need for Catholic institutions to continue voicing their support for race-based affirmative action has never been more pressing.

Cashin contends that race-conscious affirmative action is currently doing little to help the truly disadvantaged in American society.

As I was pondering affirmative action, I decided to gauge the sentiment towards the idea.

Bollinger was previously president of the University of Michigan, where he was a defendant in the last big Supreme Court case on affirmative action in college admissions: Grutter v.

Writing in The Audacity of Hope, he did not expressly condemn affirmative action, but he did consign it to a category of exhausted programs that "dissect[s] Americans into 'us' and 'them" and that "can't serve as the basis for the kinds of sustained, broad-based political coalitions needed to transform America." As president, Obama has repeatedly eschewed race-targeting (with respect most notably to employment policy) in favor of "universal" reforms that allegedly lift all boats.

Kennedy's 1961 Executive Order which first introduced the term affirmative action was the first step in creating "an equality not just as a right or theory, but equality as a fact and result" (Brunner, 2007).

However, Yuill sees a limit to how far Nixon was willing to go with affirmative action: Nixon's support of affirmative action was less about undoing the systemic problems that plagued the economic and employment aspirations of African Americans, and more about compensating those who had been harmed by the system.

Nineteen seventy-two will be remembered as an important year in the development of affirmative action programs for women in education: Title VII of the Civil Rights Act was extended to include all educational institutions; the Equal Pay Act of 1963 was extended to cover executive, administrative, and professional employment: Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972 was enacted prohibiting sex discrimination in education; and HEW issued guidelines to higher education for the implementation of the Executive Order 11246.

By reworking affirmative action, perhaps even renaming it, not only can diversity, be achieved, but also a reduction of crime.

A fair body of literature has examined responses of whites to affirmative action. Historical trends in the United States have shown that in comparison with increasing levels of support for other race-targeted policies (eg, desegregation of schools and neighbourhoods), there is consistent widespread opposition to affirmative action among whites (Schuman et al 1997, Krysan 1998).