RFM

Studies on certain haematological and biochemical constituents in cows with retained fetal membranes. Indian J.

Retained fetal membranes (RFM) usually cause the cow to delay the next pregnancy for 2-6 months (Hanafi et al., 2011).

After buffaloes responded to treatment: dystocia, sex of calf born, livability of calf, and frequency of retained fetal membranes, status of dam (live or dead), post-partum consequences such as metritis were recorded.

Complications observed with conservative method (medicinal treatment and or manual assistance/forced manual extraction were fetal metacarpal/metatarsal fractures and mandible fractures, emphysematous fetus due to failure to relieve, uterine trauma or rupture, uterine prolapse, obturator or sciatic nerve damage, uterine inertia, trauma vaginal tract and external genitalia, retained fetal membranes, septicemia, anorexia or death of mother.

Reproductive efficiency can be improved by optimum fertility by limiting reproductive problems of pre and post parturient disorders whose consequences may result in retained fetal membranes, delayed uterine involution, metritis and repeat breeding.

(2003) conducted three experiments in buffaloes and concluded that no ecbolic herbal preparation or uterine tonic is effective in treating established cases of retained fetal membranes. However, Markendeya et al.

The etiology of uterine eversion could be poor or lack of uterine tone, increased straining caused by pain or discomfort after parturition, weight of retained fetal membranes, conditions that could increase intra-abdominal pressure like tympany and feeding on feed containing excessive estrogen.