Campinha-Bacote field-tested her first tool, the
IAPCC, for construct validity on 200 registered nurses who participated in an all-day workshop on cultural competence in health care (Campinha-Bacote, 1999).
provided data for three subsamples (RN-BSN students, master's in nursing students, and nurse faculty) using the older version of the IAPCC; the findings were combined and the sample of RN-completion students was small, limiting the usefulness of the data.
A summary of current research findings as measured by the IAPCC and IAPCC-R indicates that RNs and nursing students are consistently not culturally competent.