AIP : Development of the Self-Modulation Instability of a Relativistic Proton Bunch in Plasma

Verra, L.; Furno, I.; Tuev, P.; Bergamaschi, M.; Graubner, T.; Krupa, M.; Mazzoni, S.; Sublet, A.; Arnesano, J.M.; Granetzny, M.; Burrows, P.N.; Davut, C.; Yarygova, V.; Schmitz, O.; Silva, L.; Demeter, G.; Bencini, V.; Kedves, M. Á.; Rossel, R.; Wolfenden, J.; Turner, M.; Saberi, H.; Cooke, D.A.; Agnello, R.; Apsimon, R.; Silva, F.; Liang, L.; Welsch, C.; Wing, M.; Andrebe, Y.; Zepp, M.; Chung, M.; Della Porta, G. Zevi; Pukhov, A.; Swain, C.; Vieira, J.; Velotti, F.; Buttenschön, B.; Pannell, F.; Kim, S.-Y.; Spear, B.; Torrado, N.; Fasoli, A.; Nechaeva, T.; Pucek, J.; Caldwell, A.; Amoedo, C.; Lopes, N.; Dexter, A.C.; Grulke, O.; Lefevre, T.; Gorn, A.; Farmer, J.; Morales Guzmán, P.I.; Lotov, K.; Ahdida, C.C.; Elverson, F.A.; Pakuza, C.; Wendt, M.; Senes, E.; Wyler, S.; Rey, S.; Calderon, M. Martinez; Stollberg, C.; Moreira, M.; Woolley, B.; Pardons, A.; Fonseca, R.; Ramjiawan, R.L.; Verzilov, V.; Apsimon, O.; Pepitone, K.; Gschwendtner, E.; Granados, E.; Blanchard, P.; Guran, E.; Topaloudis, A.; Ranc, L.; Weidl, M.; Liu, S.; Doebert, S.; Muggli, P.; Kraus, F.; Poimendidou, E.; Moon, K.; Xia, G.; Henderson, J.

doi:10.1063/5.0157391

Article
Report number	arXiv:2305.05478
Title	Development of the Self-Modulation Instability of a Relativistic Proton Bunch in Plasma
Author(s)	Verra, L. (CERN) ; Wyler, S. (LPHE, Lausanne) ; Nechaeva, T. (Munich, Max Planck Inst.) ; Pucek, J. (Munich, Max Planck Inst.) ; Bencini, V. (CERN ; JAI, UK) ; Bergamaschi, M. (Munich, Max Planck Inst.) ; Ranc, L. (Munich, Max Planck Inst.) ; Della Porta, G. Zevi (CERN ; Munich, Max Planck Inst.) ; Gschwendtner, E. (CERN) ; Muggli, P. (Munich, Max Planck Inst.) ; Agnello, R. (LPHE, Lausanne) ; Ahdida, C.C. (CERN) ; Amoedo, C. (CERN) ; Andrebe, Y. (LPHE, Lausanne) ; Apsimon, O. (Manchester U. ; Cockcroft Inst. Accel. Sci. Tech.) ; Apsimon, R. (Cockcroft Inst. Accel. Sci. Tech. ; Lancaster U.) ; Arnesano, J.M. (CERN) ; Blanchard, P. (LPHE, Lausanne) ; Burrows, P.N. (JAI, UK) ; Buttenschön, B. (Greifswald, Max Planck Inst.) ; Caldwell, A. (Munich, Max Planck Inst.) ; Chung, M. (UNIST, Ulsan) ; Cooke, D.A. (University Coll. London) ; Davut, C. (Manchester U. ; Cockcroft Inst. Accel. Sci. Tech.) ; Demeter, G. (Wigner RCP, Budapest) ; Dexter, A.C. (Cockcroft Inst. Accel. Sci. Tech. ; Lancaster U.) ; Doebert, S. (CERN) ; Elverson, F.A. (CERN) ; Farmer, J. (Munich, Max Planck Inst.) ; Fasoli, A. (LPHE, Lausanne) ; Fonseca, R. (Lisbon, CFTP ; Lisbon, IST) ; Furno, I. (LPHE, Lausanne) ; Gorn, A. (Novosibirsk, IYF ; Novosibirsk State U. ; Lomonosov Moscow State U.) ; Granados, E. (CERN) ; Granetzny, M. (Wisconsin U., Madison) ; Graubner, T. (Philipps U. Marburg) ; Grulke, O. (Greifswald, Max Planck Inst. ; Denmark, Tech. U.) ; Guran, E. (CERN) ; Henderson, J. (Cockcroft Inst. Accel. Sci. Tech. ; Daresbury) ; Kedves, M. Á. (Wigner RCP, Budapest) ; Kim, S.-Y. (UNIST, Ulsan ; CERN) ; Kraus, F. (Philipps U. Marburg) ; Krupa, M. (CERN) ; Lefevre, T. (CERN) ; Liang, L. (Manchester U. ; Cockcroft Inst. Accel. Sci. Tech.) ; Liu, S. (TRIUMF) ; Lopes, N. (Lisbon, IST) ; Lotov, K. (Novosibirsk, IYF ; Novosibirsk State U. ; Lomonosov Moscow State U.) ; Calderon, M. Martinez (CERN) ; Mazzoni, S. (CERN) ; Moon, K. (UNIST, Ulsan) ; Morales Guzmán, P.I. (Munich, Max Planck Inst.) ; Moreira, M. (Lisbon, IST) ; Pakuza, C. (JAI, UK) ; Pannell, F. (University Coll. London) ; Pardons, A. (CERN) ; Pepitone, K. (Uppsala U.) ; Poimendidou, E. (CERN) ; Pukhov, A. (Heinrich Heine U., Dusseldorf) ; Ramjiawan, R.L. (CERN ; JAI, UK) ; Rey, S. (CERN) ; Rossel, R. (CERN) ; Saberi, H. (Manchester U. ; Cockcroft Inst. Accel. Sci. Tech.) ; Schmitz, O. (Wisconsin U., Madison) ; Senes, E. (CERN) ; Silva, F. (Lisbon, CFTP) ; Silva, L. (Lisbon, IST) ; Spear, B. (JAI, UK) ; Stollberg, C. (LPHE, Lausanne) ; Sublet, A. (CERN) ; Swain, C. (Cockcroft Inst. Accel. Sci. Tech. ; Liverpool U.) ; Topaloudis, A. (CERN) ; Torrado, N. (Lisbon, IST ; CERN) ; Tuev, P. (Novosibirsk, IYF ; Novosibirsk State U. ; Lomonosov Moscow State U.) ; Turner, M. (CERN) ; Velotti, F. (CERN) ; Verzilov, V. (TRIUMF) ; Vieira, J. (Lisbon, IST) ; Weidl, M. (Munich, Max Planck Inst.) ; Welsch, C. (Cockcroft Inst. Accel. Sci. Tech. ; Liverpool U.) ; Wendt, M. (CERN) ; Wing, M. (University Coll. London) ; Wolfenden, J. (Cockcroft Inst. Accel. Sci. Tech. ; Liverpool U.) ; Woolley, B. (CERN) ; Xia, G. (Cockcroft Inst. Accel. Sci. Tech. ; Manchester U.) ; Yarygova, V. (Novosibirsk, IYF ; Novosibirsk State U. ; Lomonosov Moscow State U.) ; Zepp, M. (Wisconsin U., Madison)
Publication	2023-08-01
Imprint	2023-05-09
Number of pages	10 p, 10
In:	Phys. Plasmas 30 (2023) 083104
DOI	10.1063/5.0157391
Subject category	physics.acc-ph ; Accelerators and Storage Rings ; physics.plasm-ph ; Other Fields of Physics
Accelerator/Facility, Experiment	CERN AWAKE
Abstract	Self-modulation is a beam-plasma instability that is useful to drive large-amplitude wakefields with bunches much longer than the plasma skin depth. We present experimental results showing that, when increasing the ratio between the initial transverse size of the bunch and the plasma skin depth, the instability occurs later along the bunch, or not at all, over a fixed plasma length, because the amplitude of the initial wakefields decreases. We show cases for which self-modulation does not develop and we introduce a simple model discussing the conditions for which it would not occur after any plasma length. Changing bunch size and plasma electron density also changes the growth rate of the instability. We discuss the impact of these results on the design of a particle accelerator based on the self-modulation instability seeded by a relativistic ionization front, such as the future upgrade of the AWAKE experiment.
Copyright/License	publication: © 2023-2024 Author(s) (License: CC-BY-4.0) preprint: (License: CC BY 4.0)

$Schematic of the AWAKE experimental setup: the ionizing laser pulse (blue) enters the 10-m-long vapor source (white cylinder) ahead of the $p^+$ bunch (red) and singly ionizes the rubidium atoms, creating the plasma. The optical transition radiation produced by aluminum-coated screens (yellow trapezoids) when the bunch enters them is imaged on the chip of CMOS cameras, producing time-integrated images (e.g., Fig.~\ref{fig:2}(a) and (b)), or on the entrance slit of a streak camera, producing time-resolved images (e.g., Fig.~\ref{fig:3}). The two screens upstream of the vapor source are extracted from the beamline during the experiments with plasma.$ $Transverse, time-integrated images ($x,y$) of (a) the narrow and (b) wide bunch, at $z= -1.5\,$m. Black lines show the projections on the transverse planes. (c): transverse size of the bunch along the beamline $\sigma_{x,y}$, obtained from Gaussian fits to the transverse projections of images at the various screens with no plasma. Circles: narrow-bunch optics, crosses: wide-bunch optics; blue symbols: $x$-plane, red symbols: $y$-plane. Dashed and dotted lines: result of the fits with the envelope equation. Plasma entrance at $z=0$, plasma exit at $z=10\,$m.$ $Single-event, time-resolved images of the $p^+$ bunch at the screen at $z=13.5\,$m. (a) and (b): narrow bunch; (d) and (e): wide bunch. (a) and (d): after propagation without plasma; (b) and (e): after propagation with plasma. (c) and (f): time projections of narrow bunch and wide bunch, respectively, obtained by summing the counts along the $y$-spatial direction. Blue lines: without plasma, red lines: with plasma. Black lines along the vertical axes: spatial projections. The duration of the streak camera window is 1.1\,ns. The bunch propagates from left to right; bunch center at $t=0$. Same color scale for all images. $n_{pe}=0.97\times 10^{14}\,$cm$^{-3}$.$ Show more plots

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