arXiv : Evolution of a plasma column measured through modulation of a high-energy proton beam

Gessner, S.; Williamson, B.; Burger, S.; Molendijk, J.C.; Gorn, A.A.; Sosedkin, A.P.; Apsimon, O.; Verra, L.; Gorgisyan, I.; Apsimon, R.; Farmer, J.; Fedosseev, V.N.; Mazzoni, S.; Batsch, F.; Xia, G.; Deubner, L.H.; Adli, E.; Huther, M.; Krupa, M.; Granados, E.; Bracco, C.; Woolley, B.; Burt, G.; Gschwendtner, E.; Pena Asmus, F.; Chappell, J.; Keeble, F.; Pukhov, A.; Henderson, J.R.; Sublet, A.; Pardons, A.; Braunmuller, F.; Saberi, H.; Zevi Della Porta, G.; Kelisani, M.D.; Jolly, S.; Welsch, C.P.; Vieira, J.; Silva, L.O.; Lotov, K.V.; Kraus, F.; Bachmann, A.-M.; Fonseca, R.A.; Fiorito, R.; Wendt, M.; Kim, S.-Y.; Verzilov, V.A.; Khudyakov, V.K.; Helm, A.; Ruhl, H.; Perera, A.; Minakov, V.A.; Moreira, M.; Buttenschon, B.; Demeter, G.; Velotti, F.; Petrenko, A.; Ibison, M.; Garolfi, L.; Panuganti, H.; Turner, M.; Damerau, H.; Caldwell, A.; Hartin, A.; Dexter, A.; Tuev, P.V.; Doebert, S.; Chung, M.; Lopes, N.; Sherwood, P.; Wing, M.; Li, Y.; Goddard, B.; Chevallay, E.; Grulke, O.; Lefevre, T.; Moody, J.T.; Rey, S.; Martyanov, M.; Friebel, F.; Cooke, D.; Liu, S.

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Preprint
Report number	arXiv:2006.09991
Title	Evolution of a plasma column measured through modulation of a high-energy proton beam
Author(s)	Gessner, S. (CERN) ; Adli, E. (Oslo U.) ; Apsimon, O. (Manchester U. ; Cockcroft Inst. Accel. Sci. Tech.) ; Apsimon, R. (Lancaster U. ; Cockcroft Inst. Accel. Sci. Tech.) ; Bachmann, A.-M. (CERN ; Munich, Max Planck Inst. ; Munich, Tech. U.) ; Batsch, F. (CERN ; Munich, Max Planck Inst. ; Munich, Tech. U.) ; Bracco, C. (CERN) ; Braunmuller, F. (Munich, Max Planck Inst.) ; Burger, S. (CERN) ; Burt, G. (Lancaster U. ; Cockcroft Inst. Accel. Sci. Tech.) ; Buttenschon, B. (Greifswald, Max Planck Inst.) ; Caldwell, A. (Munich, Max Planck Inst.) ; Chappell, J. (U. Coll. London) ; Chevallay, E. (CERN) ; Chung, M. (UNIST, Ulsan) ; Cooke, D. (University Coll. London) ; Damerau, H. (CERN) ; Demeter, G. (Wigner RCP, Budapest) ; Deubner, L.H. (Philipps U. Marburg) ; Dexter, A. (Lancaster U. ; Cockcroft Inst. Accel. Sci. Tech.) ; Doebert, S. (CERN) ; Farmer, J. (Heinrich Heine U., Dusseldorf) ; Fedosseev, V.N. (CERN) ; Fiorito, R. (Liverpool U. ; Cockcroft Inst. Accel. Sci. Tech.) ; Fonseca, R.A. (ISCTE, Lisbon) ; Friebel, F. (CERN) ; Garolfi, L. (CERN) ; Goddard, B. (CERN) ; Gorgisyan, I. (CERN) ; Gorn, A.A. (Novosibirsk, IYF ; Novosibirsk State U.) ; Granados, E. (CERN) ; Grulke, O. (Greifswald, Max Planck Inst. ; Denmark, Tech. U.) ; Gschwendtner, E. (CERN) ; Hartin, A. (U. Coll. London) ; Helm, A. (Lisbon, IST) ; Henderson, J.R. (Lancaster U. ; Cockcroft Inst. Accel. Sci. Tech.) ; Huther, M. (Munich, Max Planck Inst.) ; Ibison, M. (Liverpool U. ; Cockcroft Inst. Accel. Sci. Tech.) ; Jolly, S. (University Coll. London) ; Keeble, F. (U. Coll. London) ; Kelisani, M.D. (CERN) ; Khudyakov, V.K. (Novosibirsk, IYF ; Novosibirsk State U.) ; Kim, S.-Y. (UNIST, Ulsan) ; Kraus, F. (Philipps U. Marburg) ; Krupa, M. (CERN) ; Lefevre, T. (CERN) ; Li, Y. (Manchester U. ; Cockcroft Inst. Accel. Sci. Tech.) ; Liu, S. (TRIUMF) ; Lopes, N. (Lisbon, IST) ; Lotov, K.V. (Novosibirsk, IYF ; Novosibirsk State U.) ; Martyanov, M. (Munich, Max Planck Inst.) ; Mazzoni, S. (CERN) ; Minakov, V.A. (Novosibirsk, IYF ; Novosibirsk State U.) ; Molendijk, J.C. (CERN) ; Moody, J.T. (Munich, Max Planck Inst.) ; Moreira, M. (Lisbon, IST ; CERN) ; Panuganti, H. (CERN) ; Pardons, A. (CERN) ; Pena Asmus, F. (Munich, Max Planck Inst. ; Munich, Tech. U.) ; Perera, A. (Liverpool U. ; Cockcroft Inst. Accel. Sci. Tech.) ; Petrenko, A. (CERN ; Novosibirsk, IYF) ; Pukhov, A. (Heinrich Heine U., Dusseldorf) ; Rey, S. (CERN) ; Ruhl, H. (LMU Munich (main)) ; Saberi, H. (CERN) ; Sherwood, P. (U. Coll. London) ; Silva, L.O. (Lisbon, IST) ; Sosedkin, A.P. (Novosibirsk, IYF ; Novosibirsk State U.) ; Sublet, A. (CERN) ; Tuev, P.V. (Novosibirsk, IYF ; Novosibirsk State U.) ; Turner, M. (CERN) ; Velotti, F. (CERN) ; Verra, L. (CERN ; Milan U.) ; Verzilov, V.A. (TRIUMF) ; Vieira, J. (Lisbon, IST) ; Welsch, C.P. (Liverpool U. ; Cockcroft Inst. Accel. Sci. Tech.) ; Wendt, M. (CERN) ; Williamson, B. (Manchester U. ; Cockcroft Inst. Accel. Sci. Tech.) ; Wing, M. (U. Coll. London) ; Woolley, B. (CERN) ; Xia, G. (Manchester U. ; Cockcroft Inst. Accel. Sci. Tech.) ; Zevi Della Porta, G. (CERN)
Imprint	2020-06-17
Number of pages	22
Subject category	physics.plasm-ph ; Other Fields of Physics ; physics.acc-ph ; Accelerators and Storage Rings
Accelerator/Facility, Experiment	CERN AWAKE
Abstract	Plasma wakefield acceleration is a method for accelerating particle beams using electromagnetic fields that are orders of magnitude larger than those found in conventional radio frequency cavities. The core component of a plasma wakefield accelerator is the plasma source, which ranges from millimeter-scale gas jets used in laser-driven experiments, to the ten-meter-long rubidium cell used in the AWAKE experiment. The density of the neutral gas is a controlled input to the experiment, but the density of the plasma after ionization depends on many factors. AWAKE uses a high-energy proton beam to drive the plasma wakefield, and the wakefield acts back on the proton bunch by modulating it at the plasma frequency. We infer the plasma density by measuring the frequency of modulation of the proton bunch, and we measure the evolution of the density versus time by varying the arrival of the proton beam with respect to the ionizing laser pulse. Using this technique, we uncover a microsecond-long period of a stable plasma density followed by a rapid decay in density. The stability of the plasma after ionization has implications for the design of much longer vapor cells that could be used to accelerate particle beams to extremely high energies.
Other source	Inspire
Copyright/License	preprint: (License: arXiv nonexclusive-distrib 1.0)

$a) Streak camera image of a modulated proton beam in a 200 ps-long time window. The vertical axis is the time axis, with $t=0$ corresponding to the center of the proton bunch. The horizontal axis is the transverse spatial coordinate with $x=0$ located at the beam centroid. The ROI is denoted by dashed blue lines. The solid black line shows the temporal projection of the image data in the region of interest. b) The absolute value of the DFT of the projection shown in a) after application of the analysis procedure described in Section~\ref{sec:projection}. A peak in the spectrum is identified at $42.09\pm 0.6$ GHz using the peak-prominence algorithm and is denoted by the red dot, where the uncertainty of 0.6 GHz reflects the bin spacing of the frequency axis. The prominence is denoted by the black arrow. c) Histogram of the peak frequencies identified by the analysis described in Section~\ref{sec:column}. The entries to the histogram are weighted by their prominence and the histogram is fitted by a Gaussian centered at $41.57\pm0.07$ GHz, where the error on the centroid is extracted from the fit.$ $Streak camera images of the modulated proton beam for sample time delays $\Delta t$ after ionization by the laser pulse with the high-power setting. The frequency of the modulation is observed to decrease with time after ionization, indicating a decay in the plasma density.$ Show more plots

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