arXiv : Modeling the Timing Characteristics of the PICOSEC Micromegas Detector

Bortfeldt, J.; Lupberger, M.; Gallinaro, M.; Zhou, Y.; Niaouris, V.; Gustavsson, T.; Qi, B.; David, C.; van Stenis, M.; Lampoudis, C.; Legou, P.; Manthos, I.; Paraschou, K.; Wang, X.; Oliveri, E.; Liu, J.; Zhang, Z.; Müller, H.; Fanourakis, G.; Schneider, T.; García, F.; Tzamarias, S.E.; Pomorski, M.; Maillard, O.; Resnati, F.; Tsipolitis, Y.; Utrobicic, A.; Brunbauer, F.; Kebbiri, M.; Veenhof, R.; Papaevangelou, T.; Kordas, K.; Desforge, D.; Iguaz, F.J.; Scharenberg, L.; Sohl, L.; Ropelewski, L.; White, S.; Sampsonidis, D.; Lisowska, M.; Giomataris, I.

doi:10.1016/j.nima.2021.165049

Article
Report number	arXiv:1901.10779
Title	Modeling the Timing Characteristics of the PICOSEC Micromegas Detector
Author(s)	Bortfeldt, J. (CERN) ; Brunbauer, F. (CERN) ; David, C. (CERN) ; Desforge, D. (IRFU, Saclay) ; Fanourakis, G. (Democritos Nucl. Res. Ctr.) ; Gallinaro, M. (LIP, Lisbon) ; García, F. (Helsinki Inst. of Phys.) ; Giomataris, I. (IRFU, Saclay) ; Gustavsson, T. (LIDYL, Saclay) ; Iguaz, F.J. (IRFU, Saclay) ; Kebbiri, M. (IRFU, Saclay) ; Kordas, K. (Aristotle U., Thessaloniki) ; Lampoudis, C. ; Legou, P. (IRFU, Saclay) ; Lisowska, M. ; Liu, J. (CUST, SKLPDE) ; Lupberger, M. (CERN) ; Maillard, O. (IRFU, Saclay) ; Manthos, I. (Aristotle U., Thessaloniki) ; Müller, H. (CERN) ; Niaouris, V. (Aristotle U., Thessaloniki) ; Oliveri, E. (CERN) ; Papaevangelou, T. (IRFU, Saclay) ; Paraschou, K. (Aristotle U., Thessaloniki) ; Pomorski, M. (LIST, Saclay) ; Qi, B. (CUST, SKLPDE) ; Resnati, F. (CERN) ; Ropelewski, L. (CERN) ; Sampsonidis, D. (Aristotle U., Thessaloniki) ; Scharenberg, L. ; Schneider, T. (CERN) ; Sohl, L. (IRFU, Saclay) ; van Stenis, M. (CERN) ; Tsipolitis, Y. (Natl. Tech. U., Athens) ; Tzamarias, S.E. (Aristotle U., Thessaloniki) ; Utrobicic, A. ; Veenhof, R. (CERN ; Moscow Phys. Eng. Inst. ; Uludag U.) ; Wang, X. (CUST, SKLPDE) ; White, S. (CERN) ; Zhang, Z. (CUST, SKLPDE) ; Zhou, Y. (CUST, SKLPDE)
Publication	2021-03-21
Imprint	2019-01-30
Number of pages	47
Note	Corresponding author S. E. Tzamarias, 47 pages, 19 figures, 2 appendices, 8 tables
In:	Nucl. Instrum. Methods Phys. Res., A 993 (2021) 165049
DOI	10.1016/j.nima.2021.165049
Subject category	physics.ins-det ; Detectors and Experimental Techniques
Abstract	The PICOSEC Micromegas detector can time the arrival of Minimum Ionizing Particles with a sub-25 ps precision. A very good timing resolution in detecting single photons is also demonstrated in laser beams. The PICOSEC timing resolution is determined mainly by the drift field. The arrival time of the signal and the timing resolution vary with the size of the pulse amplitude. Detailed simulations based on GARFIELD++ reproduce the experimental PICOSEC timing characteristics. This agreement is exploited to identify the microscopic physical variables, which determine the observed timing properties. In these studies, several counter-intuitive observations are made for the behavior of such microscopic variables. In order to gain insight on the main physical mechanisms causing the observed behavior, a phenomenological model is constructed and presented. The model is based on a simple mechanism of "time-gain per interaction" and it employs a statistical description of the avalanche evolution. It describes quantitatively the dynamical and statistical properties of the microscopic quantities, which determine the PICOSEC timing characteristics, in excellent agreement with the simulations. In parallel, it offers phenomenological explanations for the behavior of these microscopic variables. The formulae expressing this model can be used as a tool for fast and reliable predictions, provided that the input parameter values (e.g. drift velocities) are known for the considered operating conditions.
Copyright/License	preprint: (License: arXiv nonexclusive-distrib 1.0) publication: © 2021-2025 Elsevier B.V.

$Illustration of the main PICOSEC detector components (dimensions are only indicative): the radiator of typical thickness $\approx 3~$mm, the photocathode, the pre-amplification (drift) region of depth D ($200~\microm$), the mesh, the amplification region ($128~\microm$) and the anode. A photoelectron, after drifting a length D-L, produces a pre-amplification avalanche, of length L, ending on the upper surface of the mesh (on the mesh). A fraction of the avalanche electrons traverses the lower surface of the mesh (after the mesh) and produces avalanches in the amplification region.$ $The points represent GARFIELD++ simulation results. The left plots show the spread of the total time on the mesh (golden points) and after the mesh (black points) versus the number of pre-amplification electrons. The right plots show the mesh contribution (that is the square root of the difference between the variance of the total time after and on the mesh) versus the electron multiplicity. The solid lines represent the respective model predictions. The double lines in the left-row plots indicate a 100\% uncertainty in the RMS of the time-gain variable. The voltage settings considered in these comparisons were $450\,V$ at the anode and $325\,V$ (top row), $350\,V$ (middle row) and $400\,V$ (bottom row) and the Penning Transfer Rate was 50\%.$ $Distributions of the e-peak charge induced by a single photoelectron, for several drift voltage settings (300 V, 325 V, 350 V, 375 V, 400 V and 425 V). The black points represent calibration data published in \citep{pico24} while the red triangles correspond to GARFIELD++ simulated PICOSEC e-peak waveforms treated the same way as the experimental data, as described in \citep{kostas}. The data distributions are affected, at low e-peak charge values, by the amplitude threshold applied for data collection.$ Show more plots

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