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Published Articles
Title	Implementations of Custom Sonar Instruments for Binary Gas Mixture and Flow Analysis in the ATLAS Experiment at the CERN LHC
Author(s)	Alhroob, M (Oklahoma U.) ; Bates, R (Glasgow U.) ; Battistin, Michele (CERN) ; Berry, Stephane (CERN) ; Bitadze, A (Glasgow U.) ; Bonneau, Pierre (CERN) ; Bousson, N (Marseille, CPPM) ; Boyd, George (Oklahoma U.) ; Bozza, Gennaro (CERN) ; Crespo-Lopez, Olivier (CERN) ; Degeorge, C (Indiana U.) ; Deterre, Cecile (DESY) ; DiGirolamo, Beniamino (CERN) ; Doubek, Martin (Prague, Tech. U.) ; Favre, Gilles (CERN) ; Godlewski, Jan (CERN) ; Hallewell, G (Marseille, CPPM) ; Hasib, A (Oklahoma U.) ; Katunin, Sergey (St. Petersburg, INP) ; Lombard, Didier (CERN) ; McMahon, Stephen (Rutherford) ; Nagai, Koichi (Oxford U.) ; O'Rourke, Abigail (DESY) ; Pearson, B (Oklahoma U.) ; Robinson, D (Cambridge U.) ; Rossi, Cecilia (INFN, Genoa) ; Rozanov, A (Marseille, CPPM) ; Strauss, M (Oklahoma U.) ; Vacek, Vaclav (Prague, Tech. U.) ; Vaglio, Romain (CERN) ; Young, J (Oklahoma U.) ; Zwalinski, Lukasz (CERN)
Publication	2016
Number of pages	9
In:	IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci. 63 (2016) 1659-1667
In:	4th International Conference on Advancements in Nuclear Instrumentation Measurement Methods and their Applications, Lisbon, Portugal, 20 - 24 Apr 2015, pp.1659-1667
DOI	10.1109/TNS.2016.2561290
Subject category	Detectors and Experimental Techniques
Accelerator/Facility, Experiment	CERN LHC ; ATLAS
Abstract	Precision ultrasonic measurements in binary gas systems provide continuous real-time monitoring of mixture composition and flow. Using custom microcontroller-based electronics, we have developed sonar instruments, with numerous potential applications, capable of making continuous high-precision sound velocity measurements. The instrument measures sound transit times along two opposite directions aligned parallel to - or obliquely crossing - the gas flow. The difference between the two measured times yields the gas flow rate while their average gives the sound velocity, which can be compared with sound velocity vs. molar composition look-up curves to obtain the binary mixture at a given temperature and pressure. The look-up curves may be generated from prior measurements in known mixtures of the two components, from theoretical calculations, or from a combination of the two. We describe the instruments and their performance within numerous applications in the ATLAS experiment at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). The instruments can be of interest in other areas where continuous in-situ binary gas analysis and flowmetry are required.

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