环境退化
环境退化(Environmental degradation)是指生态环境的惡化,包括像清淨空氣、水及土壤之類的資源枯竭,生態系的破壞以及野生动物的滅絕。环境退化可以定義為環境中有害的或不希望的變化或是干擾[1]。根據I = PAT方程,环境影响(I)或是环境恶化是由三個因素組成而成:已經很多而且持續增加的人口(P)、持續增加的經濟成長或是人均财富(A)、以及消耗資源或是製造污染的技術應用(T)[2][3]。
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Wallaroo-mines-0749.jpg/220px-Wallaroo-mines-0749.jpg)
环境退化是联合国關於威脅,挑戰和改革問題高級別小組正式警告的十大威胁之一。联合国国际减灾战略机構定義环境退化是「環境符合社會及生態目的及需求能力的下降。」[4]。环境退化有許多不同的形式,例如棲息地破壞或是自然資源枯竭時,环境就退化了。對抗环境退化的方式包括环境保护及環境資源管理。
參考資料
编辑- ^ Johnson, D.L., S.H. Ambrose, T.J. Bassett, M.L. Bowen, D.E. Crummey, J.S. Isaacson, D.N. Johnson, P. Lamb, M. Saul, and A.E. Winter-Nelson. 1997. Meanings of environmental terms. Journal of Environmental Quality 26: 581–589.
- ^ Chertow, M.R., "The IPAT equation and its variants", Journal of Industrial Ecology, 4 (4):13–29, 2001.
- ^ Huesemann, Michael H., and Joyce A. Huesemann (2011). Technofix: Why Technology Won’t Save Us or the Environment (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), Chapter 6, "Sustainability or Collapse?", New Society Publishers, ISBN 0865717044.
- ^ ISDR : Terminology. The International Strategy for Disaster Reduction. 2004-03-31 [2010-06-09]. (原始内容存档于2013-01-03).
相關條目
编辑外部連結
编辑- Ecology of Increasing Disease Population growth and environmental degradation
- Dougill, Andrew J.; Thomas, David S.G.; Heathwaite, A. Louise. Environmental Change in the Kalahari: Integrated Land Degradation Studies for Nonequilibrium Dryland Environments. Annals of the Association of American Geographers (Informa UK Limited). 1999, 89 (3): 420–442. ISSN 0004-5608. doi:10.1111/0004-5608.00156.
- Public Daily Brief Threat: Environmental Degradation
- Focus: Environmental degradation is contributing to health threats worldwide (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Environmental Degradation of Materials in Nuclear Systems-Water Reactors (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆)
- Herndon and Gibbon Lieutenants United States Navy (页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) The First North American Explorers of the Amazon Valley, by Historian Normand E. Klare. Actual Reports from the explorers are compared with present Amazon Basin conditions.
- Environmental Degradation Index by Jha & Murthy (for 174 countries)