背景輻射:修订间差异

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自然背景輻射有兩個主要的來源:[[宇宙射線]]和源自地球的,全球平均的背景[[吸收劑量|劑量]]為每年每人2.4[[西弗|毫西弗 (mSv)]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.unscear.org/docs/reports/gareport.pdf |title=http://www.unscear.org/docs/reports/gareport.pdf |access-date=2009-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205040744/http://www.unscear.org/docs/reports/gareport.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-05 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>,台灣年平均天然輻射約為1-2毫西弗。<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nownews.com/2011/03/15/91-2696830.htm |title=新聞小辭典/核輻射單位比一比:微西弗跟毫西弗是什麼? |access-date=2011-03-15 |archive-date=2013-10-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016091324/http://www.nownews.com/2011/03/15/91-2696830.htm }}</ref>這些曝露幾乎全都來自宇宙射線和環境中的天然放射性核素。這個數值遠大於人造的輻射曝露,在2000年的一年當中,累積歷年的核武試驗、核電廠意外和核能工業操作的總合,為年平均值5μSv<ref name = "rrjhjx">{{Cite web |url=http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications.html |title=United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation |access-date=2009-11-30 |archive-date=2014-07-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140704071446/http://www.unscear.org/unscear/en/publications.html }}</ref>;並且也大於來自醫療接觸,由0.04至1mSv的年平均值。老舊的燃煤發電廠未能有效攔截的粉塵才是人造背景輻射的最大來源。
 
背景自然輻射的強度也會因地而異,有些地區明顯的高於平均值<ref>[http://www.taishitsu.or.jp/radiation/index-e.html Annual terrestrial radiation doses in the world] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070623020422/http://www.taishitsu.or.jp/radiation/index-e.html |date=2007-06-23 }}</ref>,這些地區包括伊朗的[[拉姆薩爾|藍薩]]、巴西的[[瓜拉巴里]]、和印度的{{link-en|Karunagappalli||克拉拉|Karunagappalli}}<ref>[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=10564957&dopt=Abstract Population study in the high natural background ra...[Radiat Res. 1999] - PubMed Result]</ref>、澳洲北部的[[夫林德嶺]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/s692473.htm |title=Extreme Slime |access-date=2009-11-30 |archive-date=2014-10-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141017080248/http://www.abc.net.au/catalyst/stories/s692473.htm }}</ref>、和中國的[[陽江]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.taishitsu.or.jp/radiation/china-e.html |title=High natural background radiation areas (Yangjiang, China) |access-date=2009-11-30 |archive-date=2017-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171211151306/http://www.taishitsu.or.jp/radiation/china-e.html }}</ref>。在藍薩曾經紀錄到的年峰值劑量是260mSv<ref>''The Radiation Paradox'' in ''Science'' Magazine, 5 August 2005, '''309''' (5736), pp 883 - 885 [http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/309/5736/883] {{Wayback|url=http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/309/5736/883 |date=20090816215942 }}</ref>。
 
=== 宇宙射線 ===