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樹在減少土地侵蝕及調整氣候上相當的重要,樹可以從空氣中吸收[[二氧化碳]],將大量的碳儲存在組織內。樹木和森林是許多物種的棲息地。[[热带雨林]]是世界上[[生物多樣性]]最豐富的地方之一。樹可以提供遮陰及保護,木材可供建築用,木炭可以用來加熱及烹煮,果子可以用來作為食物。在世界各地的森林面積正在下降,目的是要增加可以農業使用的土地。由於樹的長壽及實用,在許多神話中也有樹的出現。
 
2015年有報告估計地球上共有約3萬億棵大樹,當中約1.39萬億棵在熱帶和亞熱帶,6100億棵在溫帶,7400億棵在圍繞北極的北方森林。與11000年前比較,人類活動已導致樹的數量減少一半。現時人類每年除去約150億棵樹,只植回約50億棵<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-34134366 |title=Earth's trees number 'three trillion' |work=BBC News |date=2015-09-03 |accessdate=2015-09-05 |archive-date=2015-09-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903082255/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-34134366 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Crowther|first1=T. W.|last2=Glick|first2=H. B.|last3=Covey|first3=K. R.|last4=Bettigole|first4=C.|last5=Maynard|first5=D. S.|last6=Thomas|first6=S. M.|last7=Smith|first7=J. R.|last8=Hintler|first8=G.|last9=Duguid|first9=M. C.|last10=Amatulli|first10=G.|last11=Tuanmu|first11=M.-N.|last12=Jetz|first12=W.|last13=Salas|first13=C.|last14=Stam|first14=C.|last15=Piotto|first15=D.|last16=Tavani|first16=R.|last17=Green|first17=S.|last18=Bruce|first18=G.|last19=Williams|first19=S. J.|last20=Wiser|first20=S. K.|last21=Huber|first21=M. O.|last22=Hengeveld|first22=G. M.|last23=Nabuurs|first23=G.-J.|last24=Tikhonova|first24=E.|last25=Borchardt|first25=P.|last26=Li|first26=C.-F.|last27=Powrie|first27=L. W.|last28=Fischer|first28=M.|last29=Hemp|first29=A.|last30=Homeier|first30=J.|last31=Cho|first31=P.|last32=Vibrans|first32=A. C.|last33=Umunay|first33=P. M.|last34=Piao|first34=S. L.|last35=Rowe|first35=C. W.|last36=Ashton|first36=M. S.|last37=Crane|first37=P. R.|last38=Bradford|first38=M. A.|title=Mapping tree density at a global scale|journal=Nature|date=2015-09-02|volume=525|issue=7568|pages=201–205|doi=10.1038/nature14967}}</ref>。
 
经过2年的努力,2020年国际植物园保护联盟(BGCI)携手全球植物学机构,首次全面系统地统计了全世界树木的种类,为60065种,并构建了全球树木查询数据库[https://www.bgci.org/globaltreesearch.php]<ref>{{cite web |title=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10549811.2017.1310049 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10549811.2017.1310049 |website=Taylor & Francis Online |access-date=2020-08-28 |archive-date=2021-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319140312/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/10549811.2017.1310049 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=全世界有多少种树木?BGCI来告诉你! |url=https://www.zhiwutong.com/news/2017-04/41017.htm |website=植物通 |access-date=2020-08-28 |archive-date=2021-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319140318/https://www.zhiwutong.com/news/2017-04/41017.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref>
 
== 定義 ==
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因為[[維管植物]]先演化出木質的樹幹,生育器官較晚演化出種子,四億年前廣義[[蕨類植物]]中,便有如[[鱗木]]和[[蘆木]]及其遺孑的[[桫欏目]]等,稱得上算是最早的樹了。
 
廣義樹是泛指中等至高大的植物。有細長莖(或樹幹)可以支持葉子或枝條離地面相當的高度<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/bot00/bot00761.htm |title=Tree definition |author=Tokuhisa, Jim |publisher=Newton Ask a Scientist |accessdate=2014-10-05 |archive-date=2013-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206131101/http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/bot00/bot00761.htm |dead-url=no }}</ref>。樹也常用高度來定義<ref name="Gschwantner, Thomas 2009">Gschwantner, Thomas, et al. "Common tree definitions for national forest inventories in Europe." Silva Fennica 43.2 (2009): 303-321.</ref>,高度在{{convert|0.5|to|10|m|ft|abbr=on}}的中至大型植物都算樹的,包括了[[灌木]]<ref name=treedictionary>{{cite web | url=http://www.treedictionary.com/ | title=Tree Biology Dictionary | author=Keslick, John A. | year=2004 | accessdate=2012-07-30 | archive-date=2021-03-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319140326/http://www.treedictionary.com/ | dead-url=no }}</ref>向小型[[喬木]]過渡與大型[[草本植物]],所以樹木的最小高度也只是大致的定義而已<ref name="Gschwantner, Thomas 2009"/>。以此定義來看,像[[香蕉]]樹及[[番木瓜]]樹等高大的草本植物也算是樹<ref name="as.miami.edu"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://people.umass.edu/psoil370/Syllabus-files/Agroforestry_Principles.pdf | title=Agroforestry principles | author=Martin, Franklin; Sherman, Scott | year=2007 | work=Echo technical notes | accessdate=2014-09-22 | archive-date=2013-07-28 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728035517/http://people.umass.edu/psoil370/Syllabus-files/Agroforestry_Principles.pdf | dead-url=no }}</ref>。
 
狹義是樹有木質且會{{link-en|二次生長|secondary growth}}的莖,也就是除了每年因[[分生組織]]而高度增加以外,莖也會每年往外加粗<ref name="Gschwantner, Thomas 2009"/><ref>{{cite web | url=http://warnell.forestry.uga.edu/SERVICE/LIBRARY/index.php3?docID=171 | title=Secondary Growth Anatomy and Tree Rings | author=Coder, Kim D. | publisher=Warnell School of Forest Resources, University of Georgia | date=August 1999 | accessdate=2014-09-23 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140908112429/http://warnell.forestry.uga.edu/SERVICE/LIBRARY/index.php3?docID=171 | archivedate=2014-09-08 }}</ref>。此定義下像[[棕櫚科|棕櫚]]樹、[[香蕉]]樹及[[番木瓜]]樹不論高度多高,都不能視為是樹。
 
中義常依使用方式來定義樹,例如指那些可以作[[木材]]用的植物為樹<ref name="fao.org">{{cite web | url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/t7540e/T7540E04.htm | title=Community forestry rapid appraisal of tree and land tenure | publisher=Food and Agriculture Organisation | accessdate=1 October 2014 | archive-date=2018-07-17 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717100135/http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/t7540e/T7540E04.htm | dead-url=no }}</ref>,就是堅固的大型植物了。一些廣義的樹在木材的用途過狹了,純草本的大中型植物只可以做紙或薪柴和小型草木相似,而即使是灌木除做紙或燃料外只能小的木制品(火柴、筷箸、牙簽、棍棒等),所以指定要有相當尺寸和堅硬的植物。但有些[[單子葉植物]]下歸類為樹<ref>Lund, H. Gyde. ""A forest by any other name…." Environmental Science & Policy 2.2 (1999): 125-133.</ref>,[[短葉絲蘭|約書亞樹]]、棕櫚和竹子沒有二次生長<ref name="botany.wisc.edu">{{cite web | url=http://www.botany.wisc.edu/courses/botany_400/Lecture/0pdf/25MonocotOrigin.pdf | title=Diversity and evolution of monocots | publisher=University of Wisconsin | accessdate=2014-09-22 | archive-date=2016-10-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022091304/http://www.botany.wisc.edu/courses/botany_400/Lecture/0pdf/25MonocotOrigin.pdf | dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="RoddStackhouse2008">{{cite book | author1=Tony Rodd | author2=Jennifer Stackhouse | title=Trees: A Visual Guide | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Mpsc2hsYk1YC&pg=PA112 | accessdate=2012-09-27 | date=1 April 2008 | publisher=University of California Press | isbn=978-0-520-25650-7 | pages=112– | archive-date=2021-01-22 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122170548/https://books.google.com/books?id=Mpsc2hsYk1YC&pg=PA112 | dead-url=no }}</ref>,不過在一次成長時其莖部有形成木質組織,材質類似木材<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/dox/stem.html | title=Monocot stems | work=The stem | publisher=University of Miami | accessdate=2014-09-22 | archive-date=2021-03-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319140404/http://www.bio.miami.edu/dana/dox/stem.html | dead-url=no }}</ref>。
 
== 構造 ==
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== 樹的生態 ==
 
[[樹]]是陸地[[生态系统]]中重要的一部份<ref name=Lowman>{{cite book | last=Lowman | first=M D | title=Canopy research in the twenty-first century: a review of arboreal ecology | publisher=Tropical Ecology | volume=50 | year=2009 | pages=125–136 | issn =0564-3295}}</ref>,提供[[動物棲地]]。像[[蕨类植物]]、苔蘚、[[蘭花]]、地錢及一些[[寄生]]植物(如[[槲寄生]])等[[附生植物]]會附著在樹木的樹枝上,這些和樹棲地衣,藻類和真菌可以提供微棲息地給自身以及包括動物在內的其他生物,並且隨季節的不同,會長成葉子、花和果實等。樹下的區域有樹蔭,也會有灌木叢、落葉及枯枝、甚至倒下的樹幹,可以做為其他動植物的養份。樹木可以穩定土壤,使雨水不會快速的形成[[逕流]],避止沙漠化,可以調節環境,也維護[[生物多樣性]]以生態系的平衡<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/y2328e/y2328e00.htm | title=Trees outside forests | author=Bellefontaine, R.; Petit, S.; Pain-Orcet, M.; Deleporte, P.; Bertault, J-G | year=2002 | publisher=Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations | accessdate=2012-07-25 | archive-date=2019-01-31 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190131070800/http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/Y2328E/y2328e00.htm | dead-url=no }}</ref>。
 
許多的樹上有一些特有的[[無脊椎動物]]。在原始棲息地的[[夏櫟]],上面可以找到284種不同的昆蟲<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.oldknobbley.com/woodland_ecology/trees/trees_oak_english.php | title=English oak | year=2007 | work=Old Knobbley | accessdate=2012-07-25 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908010458/http://www.oldknobbley.com/woodland_ecology/trees/trees_oak_english.php | archivedate=2012-09-08 }}</ref>,而[[桉树]]上有306種的無脊椎動物<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.outreachecology.com/go/deliver/YoavDanielBarNessICE2004.pdf | title=Tiny animals, titan trees | author=Bar-Ness, Yoav Daniel | year=2004 | work=ICE: Canopy Invertebrate Fauna of Tasmanian ''Eucalyptus obliqua'' | accessdate=2012-07-25 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204021347/http://www.outreachecology.com/go/deliver/YoavDanielBarNessICE2004.pdf | archivedate=2012-12-04 }}</ref>,不過不在原始棲息地的樹上面的生物種類較少,例如來自南歐的假挪威槭,雖然樹皮上有地衣、苔蘚等附生植物,但上面的昆蟲就比較少<ref>{{cite web | url=http://members.multimania.co.uk/WoodyPlantEcology/docs/QJF87-143.pdf | title=The conservation value of sycamore | author=Binggeli, Pierre | accessdate=2012-07-25 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130221090223/http://members.multimania.co.uk/WoodyPlantEcology/docs/QJF87-143.pdf | archivedate=2013-02-21 }}</ref>。
 
像在[[紅樹林]]的生態系統中,樹木的根部可以減緩海水流過的速度,使水中的沈積物可以沈積,減少水深,創造適當的條件使更多的紅樹林可以生長。因此紅樹林沼澤一般會再繼續往海上擴展<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ocw.unu.edu/international-network-on-water-environment-and-health/unu-inweh-course-1-mangroves/Importance-of-mangroves.pdf | title=Importance of Mangrove Ecosystem | author=Kathiresan, K | publisher=Annamalai University | accessdate=2014-09-06 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904153735/http://ocw.unu.edu/international-network-on-water-environment-and-health/unu-inweh-course-1-mangroves/Importance-of-mangroves.pdf | archivedate=2014-09-04 }}</ref>。若是有[[龍捲風]]及[[海嘯]]出現時,紅樹林沼澤也可以作為緩衝,減少破壞性的效果<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.nepa.gov.jm/policies/draft/Mangroves%20and%20Coastal%20Wetland%20Protection/MANGROVE%20AND%20COASTAL%20WETLANDS%20PROTECTION%20part%201%20to%203.htm | title=Mangroves and coastal wetlands protection | publisher=University of Jamaica | accessdate=2014-09-06 | archive-date=2020-11-23 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123124810/https://www.nepa.gov.jm/policies/draft/Mangroves%20and%20Coastal%20Wetland%20Protection/MANGROVE%20AND%20COASTAL%20WETLANDS%20PROTECTION%20part%201%20to%203.htm | dead-url=no }}</ref>。
 
== 繁殖 ==
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===燃料===
用於燃料的木頭被稱為[[柴]],在未開發國家的某些地方,柴可能是唯一的燃料,蒐集木柴是一項耗時的任務,因為必須要長時間移動並彎腰撿拾<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/idrw/index-2008.html | title=Women watch: International Day of Rural Women | date=2008-10-15 | publisher=United Nations Inter-agency Network on Women and Gender Equality | accessdate=2012-08-01 | archive-date=2021-03-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319140425/https://www.un.org/womenwatch/feature/idrw/index-2008.html | dead-url=no }}</ref>。在已開發國家中、柴不是燃料的唯一選擇,可能會使用木炭或[[顆粒燃料|木顆粒]]<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.epa.gov/burnwise/ | title=Burn Wise | publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency | accessdate=2012-07-27 | archive-date=2021-03-19 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210319140434/https://www.epa.gov/burnwise | dead-url=no }}</ref>。
 
===生活===