凤头鹰：修订间差异
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{{
|G1=U|G2=BirdG|G3=Toponym
|
|1=zh-cn:凤头鹰; zh-tw:鳳頭蒼鷹; zh-hant:鳳頭鷹;
|2=zh-cn:苏拉凤头鹰; zh-tw:灰頭鳳頭鷹;
|3=zh-cn:普通亚种; zh-tw:大陸亞種;
|4=zh-cn:台湾亚种; zh-tw:台灣特有亞種;
|5=zh-cn:凤头雀鹰; zh-tw:鳳頭雀鷹
}}
{{Speciesbox
|
| image = Accipiter trivirgatus PA273291.jpg
| image_caption= 鳳頭蒼鷹台灣特有亞種
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name=IUCN/>
| status2 = CITES_A2
| status2_system = CITES
| status2_ref = <ref name=CITES/>
| genus = Lophospiza
| species = trivirgata
| authority = ([[康拉德·雅各·特明克|Temminck]], 1824)<ref name=bow/>
|
| range_map_caption = 分布範圍
| subdivision ={{Species list
|L. t. indica|([[布賴恩·霍頓·霍奇森|Hodgson]], 1836)
|L. t. formosae|Mayr, 1949
|L. t. peninsulae|{{le|沃爾特·柯爾茲|Walter Koelz|Koelz}}, 1949
|L. t. layardi|({{le|休·惠斯勒|Hugh Whistler|Whistler}}, 1936)
|L. t. trivirgata|(Temminck, 1824)
|L. t. niasensis|[[恩斯特·瓦爾特·邁爾|Mayr]], 1949
|L. t. javanica|Mayr, 1949
|L. t. microsticta|Mayr, 1949
|L. t. palawana|Mayr, 1949
|L. t. castroi|Manuel&{{le|歐內斯特·托馬斯·吉爾蘭德|Ernest Thomas Gilliard|Gilliard}}, 1952
|L. t. extima|Mayr, 1945
}}
| synonyms = {{Species list
|Falco trivirgatus|Temminck, 1824
|Astur Indicus|Pabbattiah, 1836
|Astur trivirgatus rufitinctus|Gtldenstoue, 1916
|Lophospizias trivirgatus rufitinctus|de Schatjensee, 1929
|Lophospiza indica|Riley, 1938
|Accipiter trivirgatus|(Temminck, 1824)
}}}}
{{地区用词|cn=凤头鹰|tw=鳳頭蒼鷹|hk=cn|start={{lang-xm|Lophospiza trivirgata}}}}，又名'''鳳頭雀鷹'''、'''粉鳥鷹'''（{{lang-nan-tw|hún-tsiáu-ing}}）、'''打鳥鷹'''或'''斑鳩鷹仔'''（{{lang-nan-tw|pan-kah-ing-á}}），是[[鷹形目]][[鷹科]]''[[Lophospiza]]''屬下的一種中型鳥類。{{r|bow|avibase|cpami}}這個物種於1824年被發表成一新物種。其分布相當廣泛，遍及東亞、東南亞至南亞等地，在各地有不同外觀及體型大小的變化，目前共有11種亞種。{{r|IOC13.1|Mayr|manuel}}
鳳頭蒼鷹的特徵為其頭部具短冠羽，脖子上有位於中央的寬黑條紋，胸腹佈滿縱紋，尾部具深淺交錯的條紋。{{r|ebird|forest}}[[兩性異形]]，但需要以比較的方式才較易分辨雄雌，雄性頭部偏灰，並有更為明顯的白色尾下覆羽，會在宣示領域時有下壓雙翅並抖動的特殊行為；而雌性體型較大，整體偏棕褐色。{{r|bow|robert|birdtw|owl}}飛行時，這個物種不喜鳴叫，其整體外觀上雙翼邊緣圓滑，鼓翼頻率較低，與易混淆的[[松雀鷹]]不同。{{r|raptorsTW|page=105}}
鳳頭蒼鷹主要分布於低海拔的樹林裡，但也對人類活動的環境適應力甚強，是少數能在都市區域生活的[[猛禽]]之一，在台灣是唯一能在都市綠地上繁衍生息的日行性猛禽。{{r|bow|forest|raptorsTW|page3=105}}其食性相當廣泛，包含小型哺乳類、鳥類、蛙類及爬蟲類等。{{r|SHBQ|tpbg}}繁殖期依各地氣候不同有些差距，通常在12月至5月間進行繁殖。{{r|bow}}喜歡築巢於樹冠層，通常一次會生兩顆卵，孵化後由雌性負責育幼，雄性負責捕食及守衛。{{r|bow|birdtw}}
鳳頭蒼鷹為猛禽之一，天敵雖少，但因可生活於都市區域，這些個體更易於遭遇路殺、窗殺、毒殺等問題。{{r|chinatimes}}因其分布相當廣泛，即使數量曾報告可能下降也難以進入易危的標準，目前[[國際自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄]]仍評為[[無危]]生物。{{r|IUCN|datazone}}《[[瀕臨絕種野生動植物國際貿易公約]]》將其列入限制交易的附錄二動物之一。{{r|forest}}
==物種命名與分類==
该物種的命名最早於1824年由[[康拉德·雅各·特明克]]所發表，此時的名字為{{Snamei|Falco trivirgatus}}，並被列入[[隼屬]]成員之一。{{r|temminck}}中間曾使用如{{Snamei|Lophospiza trivirgata}}、{{Snamei|Lophospizias trivirgatus}}、{{Snamei|Lophospiza indica}}、{{Snamei|Astur trivirgatus}}、{{Snamei|Astur Indicus}}等名稱。{{r|GPO}}
{{cladogram|caption=2024年以{{le|超保留元素|Ultraconserved element|-{zh-tw:超保留元素;zh-cn:超保守元件}-}}關係所重建的部分[[支序圖]]{{r|Catanach}}
|align=left
|width=230
|cladogram={{clade|style=font-size:75%;line-height:75%
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[歌鷹亞科]]、[[鷹亞科]]等其他亞科
|2='''凤头鹰''' {{Snamei|Lophospiza trivirgata}}
}}
|2=[[角鵰亞科]] {{Sname|Harpiinae}}
}}
|2=[[真鵰亞科]] {{Sname|Aquilinae}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1=[[禿鷲亞科]] {{Sname|Melieraxinae}}
|2=[[蛇鵰亞科|蛇-{}-鵰亞科]] {{Sname|Circaetinae}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
鳳頭蒼鷹最晚於1899年時就被已歸入[[鷹屬]]下，但在2005年及2018年的研究中卻發現鷹屬實際上是一個需要重新分類的[[多系群]]。{{r|IOC14.2|Evans}}而2021年的研究就已證實鳳頭蒼鷹的位置在當時所定義的鷹屬最為基幹的位置上。{{r|Sangster}}因此在2024年時，[[世界鳥類學家聯合會]]根據2021年及2024年的研究決定將鳳頭蒼鷹及與其形成[[複合種|超種]]的{{le|灰頭鳳頭鷹|Accipiter griseiceps}}分類至1844年就已建立，卻長期被視為是鷹屬[[異名]]之一的{{Snamei|Lophospiza}}內。{{r|IOC14.2}}該名錄將{{Snamei|Lophospiza}}重新「復活」，而鳳頭蒼鷹則作為該屬的[[模式種]]，且擁有了一個獨立的亞科——{{Sname|Lophospizinae}}。{{r|IOC14.2|Catanach2|bow|handbook|p4=145}}
其屬名{{Snamei|Lophospiza}}由[[古希臘語]]的{{lang|grc|λόφος}}（[[羅馬化]]：{{lang|la|lophos}}，意為「冠、峰」）及{{lang|grc|σπιζιας}}（羅馬化：{{lang|la|spizias}}，意為「[[鷹]]」）所組成。{{r|Jobling|p=230}}而種小名{{Snamei|trivirgata}}則是由[[拉丁文]]的{{lang|la|tri-}}（意為「三」）以及{{lang|la|virgatus}}（意為「有條紋的」，由有條紋之意的{{lang|la|virga}}轉化）所形成的[[合成詞]]。{{r|Jobling|page=391}}學名全意為「有三道條紋的鷹」。{{r|forest}}但特明克當時的描述並未有指明種小名的三道條紋究竟是指何處，僅指出鳳頭蒼鷹喉嚨縱帶及尾部橫紋均為三條，但現今的觀察大多為4—5條深色尾部橫帶。{{r|robert|temminck}}
{{clear|left}}
==形態描述==
鳳頭蒼鷹的體長介於37—48公分之間，體重介於224—450公克之間，[[翼展]]65—85公分之間，是一種中型體形[[猛禽]]。{{r|forest|handbook}}翅膀較短，使其停棲時翼尖僅可能會稍微突出尾巴基部，通常僅達尾羽約1/3的地方。{{r|raptorsTW|thai}}野外壽命平均約11年，圈養環境下可至30年。{{r|omt}}
[[File:Created goshawk .jpg|thumb|left|alt=一隻側面朝向畫面的鳳頭蒼鷹站在樹枝上，可見其冠羽近乎服貼在頭後。|一隻雄性鳳頭蒼鷹，注意其頭部後方不明顯的冠羽]]
外觀上，鳳頭蒼鷹頭上為偏黑色的短冠羽，但垂下時不太明顯，僅緊張時才豎起而變得明顯，是唯一具有冠羽的鷹屬成員。{{r|ebird|ymsnp|npark}}牠們具有寬大的方形頭部，臉部灰色並帶黑色的紋路，喉嚨為白色且中央有一條很寬的深褐至黑色的條紋，喙灰至黑色。{{r|ebird|owl|south}}眼睛[[虹膜]]顏色在黃色至紅橙色之間，眼眶黃色，鼻孔周圍為綠黃色到黃色。{{r|bow|robert|owl|zhao}}有些個體會有不明顯的白色眉線。{{r|forest}}胸部紅棕色，有黑色條紋，腹部主體白色並帶有橙至棕色的條紋。{{r|bow}}翅膀外側的覆羽以褐色為主，而內側的羽毛為白色帶深色條紋。{{r|ebird|Brown}}[[飛羽]]末端白色，並帶有黑色寬條紋，展翅時明顯可見其最外側的六根初級飛羽構成的圓滑翼緣；{{r|robert|raptorsTW|page2=62|npark|czniao}}次級飛羽凸出且末端圓鈍；尾下覆羽為白色呈蓬鬆狀，尾羽有3—5條黑色和等寬的淺色條紋，尾巴稍微呈圓形。而腳在黃色到橙黃色之間，且整個腿部較粗壯。{{r|bow|ebird|owl|south}}
鳳頭蒼鷹[[兩性異形]]，但除非兩性並排，通常較難直接區分。{{r|robert}}雌性通常比雄性大約8—22%，雌性平均體長48公分，體重約353公克，頭至背部體色偏棕褐色，胸腹部的紋路較粗，最外側的尾羽有五條深色橫帶，腳較粗壯；雄性平均體長42公分，體重約199公克，臉部的灰色較深且頭頂也比較黑，胸腹部的紋路則較細且尾下覆羽更明顯，最外側的尾羽橫帶不明顯。{{r|bow|forest|birdtw|owl|npark|draw}}
亞成鳥類似成鳥，但紋路較不明顯，頭褐色並有淺色縱紋且存在黑色冠羽。眼睛虹膜會由剛出生時的深灰色轉為灰白色、淡褐色過渡至淺黃色，腳呈偏暗的淺黃色。胸腹面淺米黃色有褐色不規則水滴狀斑點或縱紋，自上而下漸粗。背部呈淡灰棕色，尾巴和翅膀的斑紋與成鳥相似，但顏色較淡，且尾部有可能會比成鳥稍長。{{r|bow|ebird|forest|robert|owl|Brown|QA}}
本種與其他同科成員如[[褐冠鵑隼]]、[[蒼鷹]]或[[北雀鷹]]等易混淆，但因其喉部條紋及雜亂的胸腹斑紋使其相對容易分辨。褐冠鵑隼棲息地類似於鳳頭蒼鷹且體型相似，但其冠羽較後者更長，翅膀更大，兩者飛行時翼型顯著不同，尾部覆羽、翅膀內層和飛羽的顏色和圖案也不同。{{r|czniao}}蒼鷹及北雀鷹則沒有中間喉部條紋且上半身較灰，下半則是更均勻的條紋；幼鳥則是條紋或者斑紋更為整齊一些，且翼長比例較長、翼寬較窄，外側初級飛羽的指叉則較鳳頭蒼鷹尖而突兀。{{r|czniao|Lees}}且蒼鷹體型較大也無冠羽，腹部顏色也不如風頭蒼鷹深。{{r|jilin}}雖然喉部條紋的特徵在[[松雀鷹]]跟[[褐耳鷹]]也有，但松雀鷹體型較小，頭圓而無頭冠，腿腳較細長，飛行時外側尾羽的橫帶是不相連的且深淺帶寬度大致相等；而鳳頭蒼鷹的尾羽橫帶紋路則是相連的，並且不如松雀鷹一樣喜歡鳴叫。{{r|raptorsTW|page1=105|draw|feature}}而褐耳鷹平均體重不超過180公克，體長約30公分，小於鳳頭蒼鷹。{{r|badius|Sparrow}}
== 亞種 ==
鳳頭蒼鷹目前共有11個亞種，細分為2個大陸型亞種及9個島嶼型亞種，主要差別在其體型大小及部分的顏色差異。{{r|IOC13.1|Lees|jilin}}一般而言，島嶼上的亞種在胸腹的條紋上會更寬及偏紅褐色，但有例外。{{r|Lees}}
*兩個大陸型亞種：
** '''大陸亞種'''{{r|land|cnki}}（{{Snamei|L. t. indica}}）：分布於[[印度]]東南側、[[喜馬拉雅山脈]]、[[中南半島]]、[[中國大陸]]至[[馬來半島]]一帶。在中國大陸原分佈於[[四川]]、[[雲南]]、[[貴州]]、[[廣西]]、[[海南島|海南]]等地，{{r|IOC13.1|thai|Lees}}隨時間向北、向東擴散，在[[華北地區]]有時會作為迷鳥出現，如2013年在[[北京]]有被觀察到的紀錄。{{r|zhao|cnki|beijing}}在拉丁文{{lang|la|indica}}指「印度的」，其舊有亞種名為{{Snamei|rufitinctus}}。{{r|Jobling|page1=204|Bullet186}}雄性上半身顏色非常深，具有黑褐色的短冠羽，下半身有大量斑點，大腿斑紋明顯；雌性則胸部條紋較窄，下半身相對較淺，但仍比指名亞種深。{{r|Mayr|page=8—11}}
** '''印度亞種'''（{{Snamei|L. t. peninsulae}}）：分布於印度西南側，拉丁文{{lang|la|peninsulae}}為[[半島]]的意思。{{r|Jobling|page=296}}其顏色較指名亞種深，斑點跟條紋較小，胸部較小且偏白。{{r|Mayr|page=8}}與大陸亞種比較時，雌性會有較亮的上半部及較深的下半部。{{r|Brown}}
*九個島嶼型亞種：
** '''指名亞種'''（{{Snamei|L. t. trivirgata}}）：分布於印尼[[蘇門答臘]]。與印度亞種極為相似，但其成鳥腹部斑點較蒼白，亞成鳥的斑點明顯較多。{{r|Brown}}
** '''尼亞斯亞種'''（{{Snamei|L. t. niasensis}}）：分布在蘇門答臘西邊的[[尼亞斯島]]上，{{lang|la|niasensis}}指尼亞斯島。{{r|Jobling|page=270}}下腹條紋較指名亞種寬，總體顏色更黑，且比指名亞種小。{{r|Mayr|page1=4|Brown}}
** '''爪哇亞種'''（{{Snamei|L. t. javanica}}）：分布於[[爪哇島]]跟[[峇厘島]]上，{{lang|la|javanica}}指爪哇島。{{r|Jobling|page=211}}顏色總體較指名亞種淺，除了雌性個體側臉較深。{{r|Mayr|page=4—5}}雄性頭部較灰，頭冠顏色較淺。{{r|Brown}}
** '''婆羅洲亞種'''（{{Snamei|L. t. microsticta}}）：分布於[[婆羅洲]]，{{lang|la|microsticta}}為組合詞，為[[希臘文]]''mikros''（意指「小」）及''stiktos''（意指「有斑點的」）組成。{{r|Jobling|page=254}}下半身比指名亞種還淺且深色條紋較窄，雄性冠羽較長。{{r|Mayr|page=5}}
** '''巴拉望亞種'''（{{Snamei|L. t. palawana}}）：分布於菲律賓[[巴拉望島]]和[[卡拉棉群島]]，{{lang|la|palawana}}指巴拉望島。{{r|jilin|Jobling|page2=289}}與婆羅洲亞種較為類似但下半身的條紋較深且接近黑色，雌性個體胸部有橢圓形的深色斑點。{{r|Mayr|page=5—6}}
** '''內格羅斯亞種'''（{{Snamei|L. t. extima}}）：分布於[[菲律賓]]東南側，包含[[內格羅斯島]]、[[薩馬島]]、[[雷伊泰島]]、[[雷伊泰島]]和[[民答那峨島]]一帶。{{r|jilin}}拉丁文{{lang|la|extima}}為最遠、最偏僻的意思。{{r|Jobling|page=155}}顏色較指名亞種偏亮，冠羽較短，兩性頭部皆更灰而接近{{le|灰頭鳳頭鷹|Sulawesi goshawk}}。{{r|Mayr|Lees|Zoologica|page3=6—7}}
** '''斯里蘭卡亞種'''（{{Snamei|L. t. layardi}}）：分布於[[斯里蘭卡]]，{{lang|la|layardi}}為{{le|愛德嘉·利奧波德·萊亞德|Edgar Leopold Layard}}之姓氏。{{r|Jobling|page=220}}此亞種有時候會被歸入大陸型亞種。{{r|Brown}}比指名亞種體型較小，雄性胸側顏色偏土黃色，下半身顏色偏深。{{r|Mayr|page=7—8}}
** '''台灣特有亞種'''{{r|cnki|TWname}}（{{Snamei|L. t. formosae}}）：分布於[[台灣]]，亞種名{{lang|la|formosae}}即源自[[福爾摩沙]]。{{r|Jobling|page=163}}但在2000年在福建省福州[[南嶼鎮]]發現一隻雌性個體及2隻幼鳥的紀錄。{{r|Fujian}}在所有亞種內是體型最大的，雄性顏色偏暗，有黑色至黑褐色的條紋。{{r|Mayr|SHBQ|page2=11}}
** '''波利略亞種'''（{{Snamei|L. t. castroi}}）：分布於菲律賓[[波利略島]]，{{lang|la|castroi}}用以紀念一位菲律賓自然歷史收藏家阿圖羅·P·卡斯特羅（Arturo P. Castro）。與內格羅斯亞種相近，但尾巴較長且有偏深藍至灰藍色的頭部及背部。{{r|manuel}}
{| class="wikitable sortable "
|+ 不同亞種間的翼長、尾長和[[跗骨]]數據（單位：公釐）{{noteTag|數值範圍已合併計算。}}{{r|Mayr|page1=4—11|forest|south|Lees}}
|-
! 亞種
! 雄鳥翼長 !! 雌鳥翼長
! 雄鳥尾長 !! 雌鳥尾長
! 雄鳥跗骨 !! 雌鳥跗骨
|-
| ''L. t. indica''
| 216—237 || 232—264
| 168—195 || 182—213
|colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| 56—59
|-
| ''L. t. peninsulae''
| 196—211 || 214—237
| 159—168 || 169—180
|colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| 51—57
|-
| ''L. t. trivirgata''
| 197—205 || 217—225
| 156—160 || 160—174
| ||
|-
| ''L. t. niasensis''
| 180—188 || 207—217
| 135—145 || 153—163
| ||
|-
| ''L. t. javanica''
| 189—203 || 208—230
| 150—155 || 154—188
|colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| 51—57
|-
| ''L. t. microsticta''
| 191—200 || 216—227
| 146—155 || 159—178
| ||
|-
| ''L. t. palawana''
| 189—195 || 219—221
| 151—155 || 169—177
| ||
|-
| ''L. t. extima''
| 182—193 || 205—217
| 140—150 || 157—167
|colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| 52—53
|-
| ''L. t. layardi''
| 183—190 || 198—206
| 150—160 || 157—180
|colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"| 49—54
|-
| ''L. t. formosae''
| 206—234 || 255—262
| 169—197 || 213—219
| 63—70 || 64—69
|-
| ''L. t. castroi''
| 184—190 ||
| 148—160 ||
| 54—55 ||
|}
==地區分布與棲息地==
鳳頭蒼鷹一般偏好在低海拔丘陵地的樹林裡生活。{{r|ebird|owl}}但亞成鳥有機會行一定程度的擴散，並跨海移動到其他離岸島嶼上生活。牠們偏好居於潮濕的熱帶低地和亞熱帶的山地，特別是在林地和開放地區交界地帶。牠們多分佈於海拔1800公尺以下的地方，但最高可至海拔2400公尺的地方發現牠們的蹤跡。{{r|Lees}}台灣亞種通常分布在1500公尺以下的[[常綠闊葉林|闊葉林]]、[[針葉混交林|針闊葉混合林]]、[[次生林]]，經常出沒於森林與開闊農地交界地帶。{{r|SHBQ|Scincidae}}而在尼泊爾，常見於靠近河流的地區；有時在次生林、森林的村落附近、耕地或有樹木的植物園周圍。{{r|Lees}}
牠們分佈東北亞的[[華南地區]]、[[台灣]]，南亞的[[印度]]和[[斯里蘭卡]]及東南亞的[[菲律賓]]和[[印尼]]等地。{{r|IOC13.1}}在台灣，受到森林逐漸[[棲地破碎化|碎片化]]的影響，出現於市區的最早紀錄是在1980年的[[台北植物園]]，之後也被發現出沒於樹林茂密的大型公園及校園等地，{{r|bow|forest|rat|nmns}}是台灣目前唯一能在都會區內終年生息並繁殖後代的猛禽。{{r|raptorsTW|page1=105|ymsnp}}
==習性==
[[File:Flying Crested Goshawk.jpg|thumb|right|alt=一隻飛行中的鳳頭蒼鷹腹面，可見脖子三條縱帶、翅膀上較明顯的六根初級飛羽突出、腳側的尾部白色蓬鬆腹羽及尾部三條深色橫紋跟其交錯的淺色橫紋。|從下方拍攝的鳳頭蒼鷹]]
鳳頭蒼鷹為日行性[[猛禽]]，也不會進行遷徙，是一種[[留鳥]]。{{r|bow|chinatimes|npark}}在繁殖季節外，鳳頭蒼鷹以單獨活動為主。{{r|npark}}它们具有領域性，生性兇猛，但並不會攻擊人類。{{r|birdtw|ymsnp}}其在天熱時會有洗澡或展翅做日光浴驅蟲的行為。{{r|birdtw}}
===飛行===
鳳頭蒼鷹飛行時，從下方角度看可見其短翼且翼端及後緣皆呈圓弧狀，亞成鳥常在飛行時尾羽全開成扇狀；而成鳥則較少如此。{{r|raptorsTW|page=107}}飛行時路線安定、穩重，鼓翼頻率較松雀鷹低。{{r|raptorsTW|page=65, 105}}喜歡在上午且天氣溫和時升空，{{r|raptorsTW|page=104}}但飛行時間一般不長於10分鐘。{{r|forest}}2—5月的求偶及繁殖期間可常見其2隻以上共飛的行為，但6月之後頻率減少。{{r|raptorsTW|page=104}}盤旋時雙翼成水平狀，雄性在行{{le|展示行為|Display (zoology)|飛行展示}}宣告其領域時，會顯露其蓬鬆的白色尾下覆羽、雙翼下壓並快速地抖動，並可能伴隨響亮叫聲。{{r|forest|raptorsTW|page2=50|draw|out}}
===食性===
鳳頭蒼鷹為[[肉食性]]，可捕食的生物相當多樣化且能調整，這可能是這種猛禽能夠生存於都市中的原因之一。{{r|owl|einfo}}在其自然環境下，獵物多為[[斯文豪氏攀蜥]]、[[赤腹松鼠]]、[[大鼠屬]]的鼠類；{{r|SHBQ|einfo}}而都市環境中的鳳頭蒼鷹多獵捕小型哺乳類、鳥類、蛙類及爬蟲類，如[[麻雀]]、[[綠繡眼]]、[[五色鳥]]、[[白頭翁]]、[[小啄木]]、[[紅鳩]]、[[珠頸斑鳩]]、[[金背鳩]]、[[錢鼠]]、松鼠、[[溝鼠]]、[[鼩鼱]]、[[蜥蜴]]、[[蛇|蛇類]]，[[虎皮蛙]]、[[蟾蜍]]等，也會獵食[[鳩鴿科|鳩鴿科鳥類]]或[[夜鷺]]，{{r|birdtw|tpbg|npark|rat}}甚至傳出曾在[[婆羅洲]]的洞穴口捕食[[蝙蝠]]。{{r|Brown}}在哺育幼鳥時，成鳥通常只在白天時段獵食並餵養牠們。{{r|tpbg}}獵食時，牠們多以隱匿在樹中再突然衝出的偷襲方式捕捉獵物。{{r|owl}}
===繁殖===
繁殖期間會因地理位置的不同而有不同時間：在印度是3月至7月；在斯里蘭卡是2月至7月、在蘇門答臘是1月、在爪哇是12月至3月、在婆羅洲是2月。{{r|bow}}在台灣的個體，十月起就開始會有築巢的行為，在三月結束之前築完。{{r|birdtw}}目前求偶行為仍未被確切記錄過。{{r|Brown}}
鳳頭蒼鷹通常在闊葉林內營樹巢，巢位偏好山谷側坡人為干擾少，離地有12—45公尺的大樹樹冠上，並離河岸或水塘等水域不遠之處。{{r|forest|birdtw|jilin|robson}}巢體通常直徑約50公分，厚度有30公分或以上，呈內凹碗形，並以較粗的樹枝及樹葉為材料，內襯綠葉，並可能會有隔年重覆使用的行為。{{r|bow|birdtw|owl|QA|Lees}}雙親在二月中後會開始交配，雄性爬上雌性背上，母鳥尾巴上翹，公鳥尾部下壓交配，配對時會伴隨鳴叫，每次交配6—9秒。{{r|birdtw}}
[[File:Accipiter trivirgatus 0zz.jpg|thumb|right|alt=兩顆汙白色的鳳頭蒼鷹卵，整體為近圓形的橢圓。|鳳頭蒼鷹的卵]]
視其繁殖環境會有生蛋時間及成功率的差異，通常都市地區的鳳頭蒼鷹會比原生環境中的早一些生蛋，<ref name=bow/><ref name=lin/>都市的繁殖成功率也較高。<ref name=urban/>雌性一次生1—3顆卵，大多數情況下為2顆，{{r|owl|handbook}}卵為圓形污白色，長介於44—52.6毫米、寬平均35.3—42毫米，重30—33.2公克。<ref name=bow/><ref name=forest/>約34—39天後孵化，<ref name=bow/>並由雌性負責育幼，雄性負責捕食及守衛。<ref name=birdtw/>再約45天後，幼鳥會開始離巢並於附近活動。<ref name=birdtw/><ref name=rap/>1999年的在台灣的一次調查顯示其成功繁殖（即至少有一隻成功離巢）的機率為58%，兩隻皆成功離巢的比例為25%。<ref name=forest/>
===叫聲===
鳳頭蒼鷹較少發出聲音。但在繁殖期間有時會發出類似「he、he、hehehehe」的尖叫聲，尾音上揚，重複數次。{{r|bow|forest}}在保衛鳥巢時會大聲尖叫、發出低沉的嘎嘎聲、深沉的蛙鳴聲。{{r|bow|Lees}}也有如「zei——zei——」般單調尖厲的聲音。{{r|zhao}}在[[斯里蘭卡]]有記錄到「ku-eee」的呼叫聲，而在台灣有記錄到「fyeew——」的尖銳刺耳的短哨音。{{r|south}}
==天敵與威脅==
鳳頭蒼鷹會有被複數種寄生蟲寄生於腸道的情形，這些寄生蟲普遍存在於其他猛禽及鳥類中，且大多需要其他哺乳類、兩棲動物或爬行動物作為寄主或[[中間宿主]]。{{r|Endoparasites}}但目前也有發現僅見於鳳頭蒼鷹體內的寄生蟲。{{r|Degeeriella}}
鳳頭蒼鷹身為猛禽之一，在都市區天敵較少。{{r|apatw}}在市郊地區，其幼鳥的主要威脅是樹棲性的大型蛇類捕食及颱風破壞鳥巢。{{r|lin}}蛋被[[松鼠]]食用，或幼鳥食用到含有{{le|鴿子毛滴蟲|Trichomonas gallinae}}感染的食物而死亡都可能是造成育幼失敗的原因之一。{{r|apatw|gallinarum|ncl}}
受到森林砍伐的影響，鳳頭蒼鷹分佈範圍和數量已經在爪哇島、峇里島、菲律賓和東南亞大陸的部分地區有減少的趨勢。{{r|bow|Lees}}窗殺、車輛撞擊及誤食有毒物質也是其常見非自然死亡原因。{{r|chinatimes|einfo|glass}}因其低飛伏擊襲擊地面的小生物的習性，牠們容易遭車子及公車撞擊。{{r|chinatimes}}在台灣的鳳頭蒼鷹擁有相當高的撞窗率，2011—2022年間的紀錄顯示平均一年會有40隻遭到[[路殺]]。{{r|glass2|road}}也有曾食用因滅鼠藥中毒的老鼠而{{le|二次中毒|Secondary poisoning}}死亡的記錄。{{r|chinatimes}}
==保護狀況==
這個物種實際數量和族群趨勢因其習性和偏好住在森林的情況，而所知甚少。{{r|bow}}但據2021年的一次研究的估計，全球約有101萬隻鳳頭蒼鷹。{{r|9700b}}其分布範圍超過1720萬平方公里，族群規模大，因此即使數量有下降的趨勢，也難以進入[[易危]]的標準，故[[國際自然保護聯盟瀕危物種紅色名錄]]在2016年評估時仍為[[無危]]。{{r|IUCN|datazone}}
《[[瀕臨絕種野生動植物國際貿易公約]]》將整個[[隼形目]]{{notetag|《瀕臨絕種野生動植物國際貿易公約》將[[隼形目]]及[[鷹形目]]劃分為同一類。}}包含鳳頭蒼鷹在內列入附錄二物種，管制其交易情況。{{r|forest|CITES}}
* 第二級珍貴稀有[[臺灣保育物種列表|台灣保育類野生動物]]{{r|twbirdlist}}
* 2008年{{le|新加坡紅色名錄|National_Biodiversity_Centre_(Singapore)#Singapore_Red_Data_Book}}：{{IUCNCS|CR}}{{r|npark}}
* 二級[[中國國家重點保護野生動物名錄|中國國家重點保護動物]]{{r|chinaact}}
* 1972年《{{le|印度野生動物保護法|Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972}}》附表一物種{{r|indiaAct}}
* 2019年泰國《野生動植物保護法》列表物種{{r|Thailandtrade}}
==與人類的關係==
猛禽貿易的主要目的在於娛樂狩獵、獵鷹或作為寵物飼養。{{r|Siriwat}}鳳頭蒼鷹早年在台灣因其廣泛分佈取得不難，在養鷹市場上是頗受歡迎而且被交易最多個體的猛禽之一。{{r|forest}}至今受野生動物保育法影響，雖交易減少但仍有零星交易行為存在，例如泰國、印尼、馬來西亞等地。{{r|forest|Siriwat|trade1|trade2|trade3}}2013年起，[[台灣猛禽研究會]]開始追蹤鳳頭蒼鷹於台北都市區的生存情形並以直播等方式推廣其相關知識。{{r|rap}}
==註釋==
{{noteFoot}}
{{clear}}
==參考資料==
{{reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=bow>{{cite journal |last1=Clark |first1=William S. |last2=Marks |first2=Jeffrey S. |title=Crested Goshawk (''Accipiter trivirgatus''), version 1.0 |journal=Birds of the World |date=2020 |doi=10.2173/bow.cregos1.01 |url=https://birdsoftheworld.org/bow/species/cregos1/ |accessdate=2023-06-27 |language=en |url-access=subscription}}</ref>
<ref name=ebird>{{cite web |title=Crested Goshawk - eBird |url=https://ebird.org/species/cregos1 |website=ebird.org |accessdate=2023-05-12 |archive-date=2023-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105025108/https://ebird.org/species/cregos1/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>
<ref name=QA>{{cite web |title=鳳頭蒼鷹繁殖Q&A |url=https://raptor.org.tw/taiwan-journal-of-raptor-research/urban-raptor-research/818-2017-crested-goshawk-qa.html |website=台灣猛禽研究會 |accessdate=2023-05-14 |language=zh-tw |archive-date=2017-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018184734/https://raptor.org.tw/taiwan-journal-of-raptor-research/urban-raptor-research/818-2017-crested-goshawk-qa.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>
<ref name=owl>{{cite book |author1=蔡錦文 |title=台灣特有鳥類手繪圖鑑 |date=2022-08-06 |publisher=貓頭鷹 |location=台灣 |isbn=9789862625620 |pages=60—61 |language=zh-tw}}</ref>
<ref name=forest>{{cite book |author1=劉小如 |author2=丁宗蘇 |author3=方偉宏 |author4=林文宏 |author5=蔡牧起 |author6=顏重威 |title=台灣鳥類誌第二版(上) |date=2012-12-01 |publisher=行政院農業委員會林務局 |location=台灣 |isbn=9789860339253 |pages=491—495 |url=https://conservation.forest.gov.tw/0001742 |accessdate=2023-05-13 |archive-date=2020-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200520032439/https://conservation.forest.gov.tw/0001742 |dead-url=no |language=zh-tw }}</ref>
<ref name=nmns>{{cite web |title=市區王者─鳳頭蒼鷹 |url=http://web2.nmns.edu.tw/PubLib/NewsLetter/104/334/a-2.pdf |website=國立自然科學博物館 |accessdate=2023-05-13 |archive-date=2017-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018190306/http://web2.nmns.edu.tw/PubLib/NewsLetter/104/334/a-2.pdf |dead-url=no |language=zh-tw }}</ref>
<ref name=einfo>{{cite web |title=鬧市俠隱─ ─鳳頭蒼鷹 |url=https://e-info.org.tw/node/92692 |website=環境資訊中心 |accessdate=2023-05-13 |language=zh-hant |archive-date=2022-11-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221130004500/https://e-info.org.tw/node/92692 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
<ref name=chinatimes>{{cite news |title=路殺、窗殺或毒殺 鳳頭蒼鷹面臨的都市危機 - 生活 |url=https://www.chinatimes.com/realtimenews/20221026003995-260405?chdtv |accessdate=2023-05-13 |work=中時新聞網 |language=zh-tw}}</ref>
<ref name=glass>{{cite web |title=隱形鳥類殺手 「野鳥撞玻璃回報」社團揭不容忽視的窗殺問題 |url=https://e-info.org.tw/node/235887 |website=環境資訊中心 |accessdate=2023-05-13 |language=zh-tw |archive-date=2023-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207160107/https://e-info.org.tw/node/235887 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
<ref name=zhao>{{cite book |author1=趙欣如 |author2=朱雷 |author3=關翔宇 |author4=錢程 |author5=張棽 |author6=鐘悅陶 |author7=崔月 |title=中国鸟类图鉴 |publisher=商務印書館 |location=2018-06 |isbn=9787100160407 |language=zh-cn|page=108}}</ref>
<ref name=jilin>{{cite book |author1=趙正階 |editor=申桂蘭 |title=中国鸟类志 上卷 非雀形目 |date=2001-06 |publisher=吉林科學技術出版社 |location=長春 |isbn=7-5384-2407-5 |language=zh-cn|page=245}}</ref>
<ref name=robson>{{cite book |last1=Robson |first1=Craig |last2=Allen |first2=Richard |title=A guide to the birds of Southeast Asia: Thailand, Peninsular Malaysia, Singapore, Myanmar, Laos, Vietnam, Cambodia |url=https://archive.org/details/guidetobirdsofso0000robs |date=2000 |publisher=Princeton Univ. Press |location=Princeton, NJ |isbn=0-691-05012-0 |page=[https://archive.org/details/guidetobirdsofso0000robs/page/340 340] |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name=draw>{{cite book |author1=蕭木吉 |title=臺灣野鳥手繪圖鑑 |date=2014-10 |publisher=行政院農業委員會林務局 |location=台灣 |isbn=9789860425550 |page=116 |language=zh-tw}}</ref>
<ref name=out>{{cite book |author1=約翰·馬敬能 |author2=卡倫·菲利普斯 |author3=何芬奇 |title=中国鸟类野外手册 |date=2000 |publisher=湖南教育出版社 |isbn=7535532241 |language=zh-cn |page=191}}</ref>
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<ref name=thai>{{cite book| last1 = Grimmett| first1 = Richard| last2 = Inskipp| first2 = Carol| last3 = Inskipp| first3 = Tim| last4 = Byers| first4 = Clive| year = 1999| title = Birds of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Sri Lanka, and the Maldives | url = https://archive.org/details/birdsofindiapaki0000grim| publisher = Princeton University Press| location = Princeton, N.J.| isbn = 0-691-04910-6 |language=en |page=[https://archive.org/details/birdsofindiapaki0000grim/page/n161 160] }}</ref>
<ref name=raptorsTW>{{cite book |author1=林文宏 |editor=黃靜宜 |title=猛禽觀察圖鑑（全新增訂版） A Field Guide to the Raptors of Taiwan |date=2020-04 |publisher=遠流 |location=臺北市 |isbn=9789573287452 |edition=2 |language=zh-tw}}</ref>
<ref name=robert>{{cite journal |author1=Robert Decandido |author2=Chukiat Nualsri |author3=Martti Siponen |author4=Kaset Sutasha |author5=Andrew Pierce |author6=Jonathan Murray |author7=Philip David Round |title=Flight identification and plumage descriptions of six Accipiter species on southbound migration at Khao Dinsor, Chumphon province, Thailand |journal=BirdingASIA |date=2014 |volume=21 |pages=52—62 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303712756_Flight_identification_and_plumage_descriptions_of_six_Accipiter_species_on_southbound_migration_at_Khao_Dinsor_Chumphon_province_Thailand |accessdate=2023-05-14 |archive-date=2023-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512090150/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/303712756_Flight_identification_and_plumage_descriptions_of_six_Accipiter_species_on_southbound_migration_at_Khao_Dinsor_Chumphon_province_Thailand |dead-url=no |language=en }}</ref>
<ref name=czniao>{{cite web |title=六指鹰属猛禽飞行版的辨识 |url=https://www.czniao.com/post-402.html |website=常州野鸟会 |accessdate=2023-05-29 |language=zh-cn |archive-date=2023-05-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529233739/http://www.czniao.com/post-402.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>
<ref name=IUCN>{{IUCN |author1=BirdLife International |year=2016 |title=''Accipiter trivirgatus'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T22695462A93510676 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22695462A93510676.en |id=22695462 |access-date=2023-05-10}}</ref>
<ref name=cpami>{{cite web |title=鳳頭蒼鷹 |url=https://np.cpami.gov.tw/chinese/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4269&Itemid=34 |website=臺灣國家公園 |accessdate=2023-05-12 |language=zh-tw |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919073107/http://np.cpami.gov.tw/chinese/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4269&Itemid=34 |archivedate=2021-09-19}}</ref>
<ref name=avibase>{{cite web |title=''Accipiter trivirgatus'' (Crested Goshawk) - Avibase |url=https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=0D4EE0EBD4821244 |website=avibase.bsc-eoc.org |accessdate=2023-05-12 |archive-date=2023-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512162510/https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=EN&avibaseid=0D4EE0EBD4821244 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
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<ref name=GPO>{{cite book |author1=H. G. Deignan |title=The birds of northern Thailand |date=1945 |publisher=G.P.O |page=66 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7642801#page/5/mode/1up |accessdate=2023-05-13 |archive-date=2023-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513164247/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7642801#page/5/mode/1up |dead-url=no |language=en }}</ref>
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<ref name=npark>{{cite web |title=''Accipiter trivirgatus'' (273) |url=https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/fauna/2/7/273 |website=www.nparks.gov.sg |accessdate=2023-05-12 |archive-date=2023-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512155510/https://www.nparks.gov.sg/florafaunaweb/fauna/2/7/273 |dead-url=no |language=en }}</ref>
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<ref name=Scincidae>{{cite web |author=盧太城 |title=鳳頭蒼鷹育雛 幼鳥最愛石龍子 |url=https://e-info.org.tw/node/86708 |website=環境資訊中心 |accessdate=2023-05-13 |archive-date=2023-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130182839/https://e-info.org.tw/node/86708 |dead-url=no |language=zh-tw }}</ref>
<ref name=ymsnp>{{cite web |title=鳳頭蒼鷹 |url=https://www.ymsnp.gov.tw/main_ch/docDetail.aspx?uid=2142&pid=2140&docid=11618 |website=陽明山國家公園 |accessdate=2023-05-13 |language=zh-tw |date=2020-03-19 |archive-date=2022-08-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220807043930/https://www.ymsnp.gov.tw/main_ch/docDetail.aspx?uid=2142&pid=2140&docid=11618 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
<ref name=birdtw>{{cite journal |author1=台南鳥會 |title=台南市都會區鳳頭蒼鷹觀察分享 |journal=中華飛羽 |date=2016-10 |issue=277 |pages=36—38 |url=https://www.bird.org.tw/sites/default/files/field/file/download/Feather277.PDF |accessdate=2023-05-13 |archive-date=2022-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121090926/https://www.bird.org.tw/sites/default/files/field/file/download/Feather277.PDF |dead-url=no |language=zh-tw }}</ref>
<ref name=rat>{{cite journal |author1=葛兆年 |author2=楊平世 |author3=蔡岱樺 |author4=王李廉 |title=鳳頭蒼鷹-城市的天然捕鼠器 |date=2022 |volume=29 |issue=4 |url=https://ws.tfri.gov.tw/Download.ashx?u=LzAwMS9VcGxvYWQvT2xkRmlsZS9maWxlcy%2FlsIjoqIpfMTY4X%2BWwiOirljExXzEwMDMucGRm&n=5bCI6KiKXzE2OF%2FlsIjoq5YxMV8xMDAzLnBkZg%3D%3D |accessdate=2023-05-13 |language=zh-tw }}</ref>
<ref name=Lees>{{cite book |last1=Ferguson-Lees |first1=James |last2=Christie |first2=David A. |title=Raptors of the world |date=2001 |publisher=Boston : Houghton Mifflin |isbn=978-0-6181-2762-7 |pages=518—520 |language=en |url=https://archive.org/details/raptorsofworld0000ferg/page/518/mode/2up |accessdate=2023-06-27 |url-access=registration}}</ref>
<ref name=badius>{{cite web |title=''Accipiter badius'' - Avibase |url=https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=ZH&avibaseid=1A0ECB6EDF6DB4B2&sec=lifehistory |website=avibase.bsc-eoc.org |accessdate=2023-05-26 |archive-date=2023-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526212828/https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?lang=ZH&avibaseid=1A0ECB6EDF6DB4B2&sec=lifehistory |dead-url=no }}</ref>
<ref name=Sparrow>{{cite journal| author=Mees, GF| year=1981| title=The Sparrow-Hawks (''Accipiter'') of the Andaman Islands.| journal=J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc.| volume=77| issue=3| pages=371—412| url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/44708303| access-date=2023-05-26| archive-date=2023-05-26| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526044559/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/44708303| dead-url=no |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name=feature>{{cite web |title=特徵辨識 |url=https://www.ymsnp.gov.tw/main_ch/docDetail.aspx?uid=2145&pid=2140&docid=11624 |website=陽明山國家公園 |accessdate=2023-05-26 |language=zh-tw |date=2020-03-19 |archive-date=2023-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526044608/https://www.ymsnp.gov.tw/main_ch/docDetail.aspx?uid=2145&pid=2140&docid=11624 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
<ref name=IOC13.1>{{Cite journal |author=International Ornithologists' Union |author-link=世界鳥類學家聯合會 |title=IOC World Bird List 13.1 |url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/DOI-13/master_ioc_list_v13.1.xlsx |language=en |doi=10.14344/IOC.ML.13.1 |access-date=2023-05-12 |url-status=live}}</ref>
<ref name=cnki>{{cite journal |author1=費宜玲 |author2=雷銘 |author3=張宇 |author4=魯長虎 |title=中国凤头鹰地理分布的变化 |journal=動物學雜志 |date=2010 |issue=3 |page=174—175 |url=http://cnki.sris.com.tw/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?dbCode=cjfd&QueryID=13&CurRec=31&filename=BIRD201003032&dbname=CJFD2010&uid=WHZ5bFdwNlo2RGw3RXRtRU1RVmNwNXBkWWZ1cTlDRmtKL0tGcW1pNHJ0b3ZCZkpT |accessdate=2023-05-26 |language=zh-cn}}</ref>
<ref name=Bullet186>{{cite book |author1=H. G. Deignan |title=The birds of northern thailand - Bulletin 186 |date=1945 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |url=https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=s7omAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&dq=Accipiter+trivirgatus+rufitinctus&source=bl&ots=yh2759BXXY&sig=ACfU3U0Ri7I5DXh8khX1sQTNDoki118P8w&hl=zh-TW&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiUvavLtJL_AhXXB4gKHZ4DAbwQ6AF6BAgaEAM#v=onepage&q=Accipiter%20trivirgatus%20rufitinctus&f=false |accessdate=2023-05-26 |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230526125847/https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=s7omAQAAIAAJ&pg=PA66&lpg=PA66&dq=Accipiter+trivirgatus+rufitinctus&source=bl&ots=yh2759BXXY&sig=ACfU3U0Ri7I5DXh8khX1sQTNDoki118P8w&hl=zh-TW&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiUvavLtJL_AhXXB4gKHZ4DAbwQ6AF6BAgaEAM#v=onepage&q=Accipiter%20trivirgatus%20rufitinctus&f=false |dead-url=no }}</ref>
<ref name=beijing>{{cite journal |author1=聞丞 |author2=宋曄 |author3=韓冬 |author4=孫霄 |author5=葉航 |title=北京发现凤头鹰和黑翅鸢 |journal=動物學雜志 |date=2013 |issue=6 |page=851 |url=http://cnki.sris.com.tw/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?dbCode=cjfd&QueryID=28&CurRec=6&filename=BIRD201306006&dbname=CJFDHIS2&uid=WHZ5bFdwNlo2RGw3RXRtRU1RVmNwNXBkWWZ1cTlDRmtKL0tGcW1pNHJ0b3ZCZkpT |accessdate=2023-05-26 |language=zh-cn}}</ref>
<ref name=Zoologica>{{cite journal |author =New York Zoological Society |title=Zoologica : scientific contributions of the New York Zoological Society |date=1907 |volume=30 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/52279554#page/5/mode/1up |accessdate=2023-06-01 |archive-date=2023-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512090152/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/52279554#page/148/mode/1up |dead-url=no |language=en |page=106 }}</ref>
<ref name=Fujian>{{cite journal |author1=張秋金 |author2=陳友鈴 |author3=唐兆和 |title=福建鸟类亚种新纪录——凤头鹰 |journal=四川动物 |date=2001 |volume=20 |issue=2 |page=81 |url=http://cnki.sris.com.tw/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?dbCode=cjfd&QueryID=13&CurRec=9&filename=SCDW200102008&dbname=CJFD2001&uid=SzF6Tmptc2NiYjFPdU5JdUlkekNDcHYrZzR0c3ZuS1VPQjZmZzdBQlBYbCtORHJN |accessdate=2023-05-25 |archive-date=2023-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525094756/http://cnki.sris.com.tw/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?dbCode=cjfd&QueryID=13&CurRec=9&filename=SCDW200102008&dbname=CJFD2001&uid=SzF6Tmptc2NiYjFPdU5JdUlkekNDcHYrZzR0c3ZuS1VPQjZmZzdBQlBYbCtORHJN |dead-url=no |language=zh-cn }}</ref>
<ref name=SHBQ>{{cite journal |author1=黃光瀛 |author2=劉小如 |author3=林曜松 |title=鳳頭蒼鷹(''Accipiter trivergatus'')於鑲嵌森林地景中之食性及與共域台灣松雀鷹(''A. vergatus'')之區隔 |journal=林業研究季刊 |date=2008-06-01 |volume=30 |issue=2 |doi=10.29898/SHBQ.200806.0004 |language=zh-tw}}</ref>
<ref name=manuel>{{cite journal |author1=Canuto Guevarra Manuel |author2=E. Thomas Gilliard |title=Undescribed and newly recorded Philippine birds |date=1952 |url=https://digitallibrary.amnh.org/bitstream/handle/2246/4247//v2/dspace/ingest/pdfSource/nov/N1545.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y |journal=American Museum Novitates |accessdate=2023-05-12 |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name=tpbg>{{cite journal |author1=葛兆年 |author2=王李廉 |author3=蔡岱樺 |author4=徐士閔 |title=台北植物園鳳頭蒼鷹（''Accipiter trivirgatus''）的育雛食性 |journal=臺灣林業科學 |date=2021-12-01 |volume=36 |issue=4 |url=https://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alDetailedMesh?docid=10264469-202112-202204150007-202204150007-327-336 |accessdate=2023-05-12 |issn=1026-4469 |archive-date=2023-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512091659/https://www.airitilibrary.com/Publication/alDetailedMesh?DocID=10264469-202112-202204150007-202204150007-327-336 |dead-url=no |language=zh-tw }}</ref>
<ref name=lin>{{cite journal |author1=Wen-Loung Lin |author2=Si-Min Lin |author3=Jhan-Wei Lin |author4=Ying Wang |author5=Hui-Yun Tseng |title=Breeding performance of Crested Goshawk ''Accipiter trivirgatus'' in urban and rural environments of Taiwan |journal=Bird Study |date=2015-04-03 |volume=62 |issue=2 |pages=177—184 |doi=10.1080/00063657.2015.1005570 |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00063657.2015.1005570 |accessdate=2023-05-13 |archive-date=2023-05-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230512090154/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00063657.2015.1005570 |dead-url=no |language=en }}</ref>
<ref name=urban>{{cite journal |author1=Chris R Shepherd |title=Crested Goshawk ''Accipiter trivirgatus'' may adapt well to life in urban areas across its range in Asia. |journal=BirdingASIA |date=2018-01 |volume=29 |pages=34—35 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327019505_Crested_Goshawk_Accipiter_trivirgatus_may_adapt_well_to_life_in_urban_areas_across_its_range_in_Asia |accessdate=2023-05-14 |archive-date=2023-05-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230514005551/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/327019505_Crested_Goshawk_Accipiter_trivirgatus_may_adapt_well_to_life_in_urban_areas_across_its_range_in_Asia |dead-url=no |language=en }}</ref>
<ref name=rap>{{cite web |title=台北都會區鳳頭蒼鷹研究 |url=https://raptor.org.tw/taiwan-journal-of-raptor-research/urban-raptor-research.html |website=台灣猛禽研究會 |accessdate=2023-05-13 |language=zh-tw |archive-date=2023-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230204000615/https://raptor.org.tw/taiwan-journal-of-raptor-research/urban-raptor-research.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>
<ref name=apatw>{{cite web |title=松鼠搗蛋 鳳頭蒼鷹育雛成功率低 |url=https://www.apatw.org/project-article/10211 |website=www.apatw.org |accessdate=2023-05-16 |language=zh-hant |date=2019-05-22 |archive-date=2023-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230516033904/https://www.apatw.org/project-article/10211 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
<ref name=gallinarum>{{cite news |title=鳳頭蒼鷹雛鳥染「毛滴蟲」殞命！樹上巢穴成空屋 眾不捨淚崩 {{!}} 寵毛星球 {{!}} 生活 |url=https://www.nownews.com/news/6140089 |accessdate=2023-05-16 |work=NOWnews今日新聞 |date=2023-05-15 |archive-date=2023-05-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230522090639/https://www.nownews.com/news/6140089 |dead-url=no |language=zh-tw }}</ref>
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<ref name=datazone>{{cite web |title=Crested Goshawk (''Accipiter trivirgatus'') - BirdLife species factsheet |url=http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/crested-goshawk-accipiter-trivirgatus |website=datazone.birdlife.org |accessdate=2023-05-12 |archive-date=2023-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105204510/http://datazone.birdlife.org/species/factsheet/crested-goshawk-accipiter-trivirgatus |dead-url=no |language=en }}</ref>
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<ref name=Siriwat>{{cite journal |last1=Siriwat |first1=Penthai |last2=Nijman |first2=Vincent |title=Wildlife trade shifts from brick-and-mortar markets to virtual marketplaces: A case study of birds of prey trade in Thailand |journal=Journal of Asia-Pacific Biodiversity |date=2020-09 |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=454—461 |doi=10.1016/j.japb.2020.03.012 |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name=Thailandtrade>{{cite journal | last1 = Panter | first1 = C. | last2 = White | first2 = R. | year = 2020 | title = Insights from social media into the illegal trade of wild raptors in Thailand | journal = TRAFFIC Bulletin | volume = 32 | issue = 1 | pages = 5—12 | url = https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/12779/bulletin-32-1-thai-raptors.pdf | language = en | access-date = 2023-05-29 | archive-date = 2023-05-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230529032637/https://www.traffic.org/site/assets/files/12779/bulletin-32-1-thai-raptors.pdf | dead-url = no }}</ref>
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<ref name=chinaact>{{cite web |title=新调整的《国家重点保护野生动物名录》公布 |url=http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2021-02/09/content_5586227.htm |website=www.gov.cn |accessdate=2023-05-15 |archive-date=2022-06-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220617152444/http://www.gov.cn/xinwen/2021-02/09/content_5586227.htm |dead-url=no |language=zh-cn }}</ref>
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<ref name=road>{{cite web |title=鳳頭蒼鷹(台灣特有亞種) ''Accipiter trivirgatus formosae'' {{!}} 分類群 {{!}} 臺灣動物路死觀察網 Taiwan Roadkill Observation Network |url=https://roadkill.tw/taxa/8b793d63-11b9-47e2-b5bd-6fb62571ca19 |website=roadkill.tw |accessdate=2023-05-13 |archive-date=2023-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513042826/https://roadkill.tw/taxa/8b793d63-11b9-47e2-b5bd-6fb62571ca19 |dead-url=no |language=zh-tw }}</ref>
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<ref name=Degeeriella>{{cite journal |last1 = Elbel |first1 = Robert E. |last2 = Price |first2 = Roger D. |year = 1973 |title = Three new Oriental and New Guinean ''Degeeriella'' (Mallophaga: Philopteridae) |journal = Pacific Insects |volume = 15 |issue = 1 |pages = 95—101 |url=https://phthiraptera.myspecies.info/sites/phthiraptera.info/files/1018.pdf |accessdate=2023-05-27 |language=en}}</ref>
<ref name=Endoparasites>{{cite journal |last1=Su |first1=Yao C. |last2=Fei |first2=Andrew Chang Y. |title=Endoparasites of the Crested Goshawk, ''Accipiter trivirgatus formosae'', from Taiwan, Republic of China |journal=Comparative Parasitology |date=2004-07 |volume=71 |issue=2 |pages=178—183 |doi=10.1654/4107 |language=en}}</ref>
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<ref name=omt>{{cite web |author1=Operation Migration Team |title=Crested Goshawk: The Ultimate Guide - Operation Migration |url=https://operationmigration.org/crested-goshawk-the-ultimate-guide/ |website=operationmigration.org |accessdate=2023-06-02 |date=2021-09-07 |language=en |archive-date=2023-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602063144/https://operationmigration.org/crested-goshawk-the-ultimate-guide/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>
<ref name=land>{{TaiBNET|id=432222 |zh=鳳頭蒼鷹(大陸亞種) |binomial=Accipiter trivirgatus indicus |accessdate=2023-05-12 }}</ref>
<ref name=TWname>{{TaiBNET|id=380100 |zh=鳳頭蒼鷹(台灣特有亞種) |binomial=Accipiter trivirgatus formosae |accessdate=2023-05-12 }}</ref>
<ref name=CITES>{{cite web |author1=CITES |title=Appendices |url=https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/app/2023/E-Appendices-2023-05-21.pdf |website=cites.org |accessdate=2023-06-24 |language=en |archive-date=2023-07-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230702171000/https://cites.org/sites/default/files/eng/app/2023/E-Appendices-2023-05-21.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref>
<ref name=Catanach2>{{cite journal |last1=Catanach |first1=Therese A |last2=Halley |first2=Matthew R |last3=Pirro |first3=Stacy |title=Correction to: Enigmas no longer: using ultraconserved elements to place several unusual hawk taxa and address the non-monophyly of the genus Accipiter (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |date=2024-06-29 |doi=10.1093/biolinnean/blae051 |url=https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/advance-article/doi/10.1093/biolinnean/blae051/7701515 |accessdate=2024-08-16 |language=en |archive-date=2024-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240816162216/https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/advance-article/doi/10.1093/biolinnean/blae051/7701515 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
<ref name=IOC14.2>{{IOC bird/14.2}}</ref>
<ref name=Sangster>{{cite journal |last1=Sangster |first1=George |last2=Kirwan |first2=Guy M. |last3=Fuchs |first3=Jérôme |last4=Dickinson |first4=Edward C. |last5=Elliott |first5=Andy |last6=Gregory |first6=Steven M. S. |title=A new genus for the tiny hawk Accipiter superciliosus and semicollared hawk A. collaris (Aves: Accipitridae), with comments on the generic name for the crested goshawk A. trivirgatus and Sulawesi goshawk A. griseiceps |journal=Vertebrate Zoology |date=2021-08-02 |volume=71 |pages=419–424 |doi=10.3897/vz.71.e67501 |url=https://vertebrate-zoology.arphahub.com/article/67501/ |accessdate=2024-08-16 |language=en |issn=2625-8498 |archive-date=2024-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241002134254/https://vertebrate-zoology.arphahub.com/article/67501 |dead-url=no }}</ref>
<ref name=Catanach>{{cite journal |last1=Catanach |first1=Therese A |last2=Halley |first2=Matthew R |last3=Pirro |first3=Stacy |title=Enigmas no longer: using ultraconserved elements to place several unusual hawk taxa and address the non-monophyly of the genus Accipiter (Accipitriformes: Accipitridae) |journal=Biological Journal of the Linnean Society |date=2024-03-22 |url=https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/biolinnean/blae028/7633854?redirectedFrom=fulltext |accessdate=2024-08-17 |url-access=subscription |archive-date=2024-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913192143/https://academic.oup.com/biolinnean/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/biolinnean/blae028/7633854?redirectedFrom=fulltext |dead-url=no }}</ref>
}}
==
*{{Commons category-inline|Accipiter trivirgatus|鳳頭蒼鷹}}
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Accipiter trivirgatus|鳳頭蒼鷹}}
*{{VIREO|Crested+Goshawk|鳳頭蒼鷹}}
*{{Xeno-canto species|Accipiter|trivirgatus|鳳頭蒼鷹}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dD0B6VTbHV0 雄性鳳頭蒼鷹的抖翅行為影片] {{Wayback|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dD0B6VTbHV0 |date=20230528174913 }}
{{Taxonbar||from=Q795570|from2=Q109578168}}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:鷹屬|trivirgatus]]
[[Category:台灣特有亞種]]
[[Category:台灣鳥類]]
[[Category:中國鳥類]]
[[Category:印度尼西亞鳥類]]
[[Category:斯里兰卡鸟类]]
[[Category:印度鸟类]]
[[Category:東南亞鳥類]]
[[Category:1824年描述的鳥類]]
[[Category:康拉德·雅各·特明克命名的分类单元]]
{{Good article}}
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