伊朗—沙特阿拉伯代理人冲突：修订间差异

| date = 1979 年2月11日—現今<ref name="Joyner 2016">{{cite news|last1=Joyner|first1=Alfred|title=Iran vs Saudi Arabia: The Middle East cold war explained|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/iran-vs-saudi-arabia-middle-east-cold-war-explained-1535968|access-date=11 August 2017|work=International Business Times|date=4 January 2016|archive-date=2019-03-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190330005802/https://www.ibtimes.co.uk/iran-vs-saudi-arabia-middle-east-cold-war-explained-1535968|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="Poole 2016">{{cite news|last1=Poole|first1=Thom|title=Iran and Saudi Arabia's great rivalry explained|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35221569|access-date=23 September 2016|publisher=[[BBC News英國廣播公司新聞部]]|date=20 October 2017|archive-date=2019-03-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329210655/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35221569|dead-url=no}}</ref><br />({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=02|day1=11|year1=1979}})

| title =''代理人'':<ref>[https://www.csis.org/war-by-proxy War by Proxy] {{Wayback|url=https://www.csis.org/war-by-proxy |date=20221214114146 }} ''CSIS''</ref>

| {{flagicon image|}} [[漢志真主黨]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Daoud|first=David|url=http://www.thetower.org/article/meet-the-proxies-how-iran-spreads-its-empire-through-terrorist-militias/|title=Meet the Proxies: How Iran Spreads Its Empire through Terrorist Militias|date=March 2015|issue=24|work=The Tower Magazine|access-date=18 August 2016|archive-date=2019-05-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190531143617/http://www.thetower.org/article/meet-the-proxies-how-iran-spreads-its-empire-through-terrorist-militias/|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| {{flagicon image|Logo of the Organization for the Islamic Revolution in the Arabian peninsula.svg}}[[阿拉伯半島伊斯蘭革命組織 ]] <ref>{{citation|last=Hashim|first=Ahmed Salah|url=https://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/CO16022.pdf|title=Saudi-Iranian Rivalry and Conflict: Shia Province as Casus Belli?|date=29 January 2016|number=22|journal=RSIS Commentary|publisher=S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies|access-date=18 August 2016|archive-date=2017-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116033040/https://www.rsis.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/CO16022.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref>{{small|(1979–1988)}}<ref name="Asia Times 2006-10-26">{{cite news |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HJ26Ak02.html|title=Saudi Shi'ites: New light on an old divide|first=Mahan|last=Abedin|work=[[Asia Times亞洲時報在線]]|date=26 October 2006|access-date=24 April 2017|archive-date=18 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318171835/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Middle_East/HJ26Ak02.html}}</ref>

| {{flagicon image|Liwa Fatemiyoun infobox flag.png}} [[法蒂瑪旅]]<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mashal|first1=Mujib|last2=Faizi|first2=Fatima |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/11/world/asia/afghanistan-iran-syria-revolutionary-guards.html|title=Iran Sent Them to Syria. Now Afghan Fighters Are a Worry at Home.|work=The New York Times|date=11 November 2017|access-date=4 February 2019|archive-date=2019-08-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190817195228/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/11/world/asia/afghanistan-iran-syria-revolutionary-guards.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| {{flagicon image|Flag of Popular Mobilization Forces.svg}} [[人民動員]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.dw.com/en/iran-sponsored-militia-in-iraq-threatens-saudi-arabia-with-drone-warfare/a-56384109|title=Will Saudi Arabia become a new drone battleground?|publisher=[[Deutsche Welle德国之声]] |quote=An Iraqi militia has claimed responsibility for two suicide drones fired at Riyadh earlier this week — and vowed to do it again. The new group suggested Saudis should be sleeping with one eye open from now on.|accessdate=2024-04-27|archive-date=2021-02-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210201215135/https://www.dw.com/en/iran-sponsored-militia-in-iraq-threatens-saudi-arabia-with-drone-warfare/a-56384109|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ifmat.org/08/09/iran-guards-renew-pledge-support-iraqi-shiite-militias/|title=Iran's Guards Renew Pledge To Support Iraqi Shiite Militias|date=9 August 2021 |access-date=2024-04-27|archive-date=2024-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227163930/https://www.ifmat.org/08/09/iran-guards-renew-pledge-support-iraqi-shiite-militias/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>Friedman, George (19 March 2018) [https://geopoliticalfutures.com/role-militias-irans-strategy-iraq/ The Role of Militias in Iran's Strategy for Iraq] {{Wayback|url=https://geopoliticalfutures.com/role-militias-irans-strategy-iraq/ |date=20240227205706 }} ''Geopolitical Futures'' Retrieved on 12 August 2021</ref>

| {{flagdeco|Bahrain}} {{link-en|阿什塔爾旅|Al-Ashtar Brigades}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/02/bahraini-militant-group-adopts-irgc-branding.php |quote=At the same time, Saraya al Ashtar reaffirmed its loyalty to the Islamic Republic of Iran. "We believe that the commander and ruler of the Islamic religion is the line of the two imams, Khomeini and Khamenei, which is in the original Muhammad approach in confronting the oppressors and fighting back against the tyrants," the group's statement reads. |title=Bahraini militant group adopts IRGC branding |first=Caleb |last=Wess |date=February 23, 2018 |accessdate=2024-04-27 |archive-date=2018-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401151842/https://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2018/02/bahraini-militant-group-adopts-irgc-branding.php |dead-url=no }}</ref>

| {{flagdeco|Bahrain}} {{link-en|穆赫塔爾旅|Al-Mukhtar Brigades}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/irans-islamist-proxies|title=Iran's Islamist Proxies in the Middle East|publisher=Wilson Center|access-date=14 July 2022|archive-date=2024-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240618055241/https://www.wilsoncenter.org/article/irans-islamist-proxies|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| {{flagicon image|InfoboxHez.PNG}} [[真主黨]]<ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/3/hezbollahs-nasrallah-accuses-saudi-arabia-of-terrorism Hezbollah's Hassan Nasrallah accuses Saudi Arabia of 'terrorism'] {{Wayback|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/1/3/hezbollahs-nasrallah-accuses-saudi-arabia-of-terrorism |date=20240224103734 }} "Hassan Nasrallah accuses Saudi Arabia of spreading ISIL ideology across the region amid rising political tensions". [[Al Jazeera Media Network|Al Jazeera半岛媒体集团]].</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Sapir|first1=Teddy|url=https://israel-alma.org/2022/02/06/hezbollah-and-saudi-arabia-a-routine-of-clashes/|title=Hezbollah and Saudi Arabia – a routine of clashes|quote=During the Syrian civil war, the conflict between Saudi Arabia and Hezbollah escalated due to the Saudi-Iranian rivalry.|publisher=Alma, Research and Education Centre|date=6 February 2022 |access-date=2024-04-27|archive-date=2024-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227163926/https://israel-alma.org/2022/02/06/hezbollah-and-saudi-arabia-a-routine-of-clashes/|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| {{flagicon image|Flag of Hamas.svg}} [[哈馬斯]]<ref name="adnanabuamer">{{cite news|url=https://adnanabuamer.com/post/2206/exclusive-hamas-official-discusses-decline-of-iranian-support|title=Exclusive: Hamas Official Discusses Decline of Iranian Support|website=موقع الدكتور عدنان ابو عامر|accessdate=2024-04-27|archive-date=2023-01-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230126204440/https://adnanabuamer.com/post/2206/exclusive-hamas-official-discusses-decline-of-iranian-support|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>[https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/9/23/what-is-behind-the-saudi-campaign-against-hamas What is behind the Saudi campaign against Hamas?] {{Wayback|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2019/9/23/what-is-behind-the-saudi-campaign-against-hamas |date=20240321040003 }} "By launching arrests of its supporters and cutting off financial flows to Gaza, Riyadh aims to corner Hamas."</ref>

| {{flagicon image|}}{{link-en|亞塞拜然伊斯蘭抵抗運動|Islamic Resistance Movement of Azerbaijan}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20211009-the-huseynyun-irans-new-irgc-backed-movement-in-azerbaijan/|title=The Huseynyun: Iran's new IRGC-backed movement in Azerbaijan|date=October 9, 2021|accessdate=2024-04-27|archive-date=2021-10-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211009084709/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20211009-the-huseynyun-irans-new-irgc-backed-movement-in-azerbaijan/|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Muslim Brotherhood.png}} [[穆斯林兄弟會]]<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Fouad|first1=Ahmed|url=https://thearabweekly.com/irans-relationship-egypts-muslim-brotherhood-comes-under-renewed-scrutiny|title=Iran's relationship with Egypt's Muslim Brotherhood comes under renewed scrutiny|quote=The Muslim Brotherhood may not be the only extremist Sunni group in Egypt supported by IRGC.|work=The Arab Weekly|accessdate=2024-04-27|archive-date=2023-06-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630214235/https://thearabweekly.com/irans-relationship-egypts-muslim-brotherhood-comes-under-renewed-scrutiny|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>[https://strafasia.com/iran-and-muslim-brotherhood-a-bizarre-alliance-of-two-rival-ideologies/ Iran and Muslim Brotherhood: A Bizarre Alliance of Two Rival Ideologies] {{Wayback|url=https://strafasia.com/iran-and-muslim-brotherhood-a-bizarre-alliance-of-two-rival-ideologies/ |date=20221106074110 }} ''STRAFASIA'' Retrieved 13 May 2022.</ref>

| {{flagicon image|Liwa Zainebiyoun infobox flag.png}}{{link-en|巴基斯坦真主黨|Liwa Zainebiyoun}}<ref>{{cite news |date=22 July 2019|title=Kashmir – The New Battlefield For Saudi-Iran Proxy War – Israel Media Reports|url=https://eurasiantimes.com/kashmir-the-new-battlefield-for-saudi-iran-proxy-war-israel-media-reports/|access-date=29 August 2021|archive-date=2024-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240530074413/https://www.eurasiantimes.com/kashmir-the-new-battlefield-for-saudi-iran-proxy-war-israel-media-reports/|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| {{flagdeco|Nigeria}}{{link-en|伊斯蘭運動（奈及利亞）|Islamic Movement (Nigeria)|伊斯蘭運動}}<ref name="Bahi 2018 33">{{Cite journal |last=Bahi |first=Riham |year=2018 |title=Iran-Saudi Rivalry in Africa: Implications for Regional Stability |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mepo.12374 |journal=Middle East Policy |language=en |volume=25 |issue=4 |page=33 |doi=10.1111/mepo.12374 |s2cid=159397471 |access-date=2024-04-27 |archive-date=2024-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240308093552/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/mepo.12374 |dead-url=no }}</ref>

<ref>{{cite news|last=Tangaza|first=Haruna Shehu|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49175639|title=Islamic Movement in Nigeria: The Iranian-inspired Shia group|date=5 August 2019|publisher=[[BBC News英國廣播公司新聞部]]|quote=Nigeria's government has taken the controversial decision to ban a pro-Iranian Shia group, accusing it of unleashing violence and being an "enemy of the state". |accessdate=2024-04-27|archive-date=2024-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225194249/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-49175639|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| {{flagdeco|SADR}} [[波利薩里奧陣線]]<ref>[https://www.trtworld.com/mea/has-the-saudi-iran-rivalry-reached-the-western-sahara-region--18140 Has the Saudi-Iran rivalry reached the Western Sahara region?] {{Wayback|url=https://www.trtworld.com/mea/has-the-saudi-iran-rivalry-reached-the-western-sahara-region--18140 |date=20231004011358 }} ''TRTWorld'' Retrieved 13 July 2022.</ref>

| {{flag|Lebanon}}<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-politics-saudi/saudi-arabia-says-lebanon-has-declared-war-on-it-idUSKBN1D62NQ|title=Saudi Arabia says Lebanon has declared war on it|date=6 November 2017|work=Reuters|access-date=10 November 2017|archive-date=2023-10-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231029220346/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-politics-saudi/saudi-arabia-says-lebanon-has-declared-war-on-it-idUSKBN1D62NQ|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/lebanon-is-dragged-back-into-eye-iranian-saudi-storm-2021-11-01/|title=Analysis: Lebanon is dragged back into eye of Iranian-Saudi storm|first1=Tom|last1=Perry|first2=Ghaida|last2=Ghantous|work=Reuters |date=2 November 2021|accessdate=2024-04-27|archive-date=2023-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530171322/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/lebanon-is-dragged-back-into-eye-iranian-saudi-storm-2021-11-01/|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| {{flag|Iraq}} {{small|(從2006年開始)}}<ref>[https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/how-saudi-arabia-pushed-iraq-arms-iran How Saudi Arabia pushed Iraq into the arms of Iran] {{Wayback|url=https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/how-saudi-arabia-pushed-iraq-arms-iran |date=20240524175038 }} ''Lawfare''</ref>

| {{flag|Venezuela}} {{small|([[委內瑞拉總統與議長地位危機|马杜罗政府]])}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://en.irna.ir/news/83791042/Zarif-sends-warning-letter-to-UN-chief-about-US-threats-to-Iran |title=Zarif sends warning letter to UN chief about US threats to Iran oil tankers |date= 17 May 2020 |publisher=[[Islamic Republic News Agency|Irna伊朗国家通讯社]] |access-date=24 May 2020 |archive-date=2020-06-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200610124731/https://en.irna.ir/news/83791042/Zarif-sends-warning-letter-to-UN-chief-about-US-threats-to-Iran |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://iranintl.com/en/world/iran-supports-maduro-president-venezuela|title=Iran Supports Maduro as the President of Venezuela|publisher=Iran International|date=24 January 2019|access-date=1 January 2021|archive-date=2022-02-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225135334/https://old.iranintl.com/en/world/iran-supports-maduro-president-venezuela|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-venezuela-idUSDAH23660020070702 |work=Reuters |title=Iran, Venezuela in "axis of unity" against U.S |date=2 July 2007 |accessdate=2024-04-27 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924121216/http://www.reuters.com/article/2007/07/02/us-iran-venezuela-idUSDAH23660020070702 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Gokay|first1=Bulent|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/venezuela-saudi-arabia-oil-prices-iran-price-war-inflation-destabilisation-a7883846.html|title=In Saudi Arabia's quest to debilitate the Iranian economy, they destroyed Venezuela|website=[[The獨立報 Independent(英國)]]|quote=Venezuela is the most disastrously oil-dependent state in the world. Oil accounts for 96 per cent of exports and more than 40 per cent of government revenues|date=9 August 2017|access-date=4 March 2022|archive-date=2024-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227220817/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/venezuela-saudi-arabia-oil-prices-iran-price-war-inflation-destabilisation-a7883846.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| {{flag|North Korea}}<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.nknews.org/2019/09/the-september-14-drone-attack-on-saudi-oil-fields-north-koreas-potential-role/|title=The September 14 drone attack on Saudi oil fields: North Korea's potential role &#124; NK News|date=September 30, 2019|website=NK News – North Korea News|accessdate=2024-04-27|archive-date=2019-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191011033136/https://www.nknews.org/2019/09/the-september-14-drone-attack-on-saudi-oil-fields-north-koreas-potential-role/|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| {{flag|Qatar}} {{small|(2017-2021年，有時)}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gulf-qatar/arab-powers-sever-qatar-ties-citing-support-for-militants-idUSKBN18W0DQ|title=Arab powers sever Qatar ties, citing support for militants|work=Reuters|quote=The Arab world's biggest powers cut ties with Qatar on Monday, accusing it of support for Islamist militants and Iran, and reopening a festering wound two weeks after U.S. President Donald Trump's demand for Muslim states to fight terrorism.|accessdate=2024-04-27|archive-date=2022-11-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221109203701/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-gulf-qatar/arab-powers-sever-qatar-ties-citing-support-for-militants-idUSKBN18W0DQ|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://financialtribune.com/articles/national/104599/qatari-emir-calls-for-promotion-of-ties|title=Qatari Emir Calls for Promotion of Ties|work=Financial Tribune|access-date=4 October 2021|archive-date=2024-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227215915/https://financialtribune.com/articles/national/104599/qatari-emir-calls-for-promotion-of-ties|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| {{flag|Oman}} {{small|(據稱，但阿曼否認)}}<ref name="Oman's dangerous double game">[https://www.trackpersia.com/omans-dangerous-double-game/ Oman's dangerous double game] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801165523/https://www.trackpersia.com/omans-dangerous-double-game/ |date=1 August 2021 }} "The sultanate, a U.S. ally, seems to be helping Tehran wage a proxy war against Saudi Arabia in Yemen."</ref><ref name="watanserb.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.watanserb.com/2018/08/16/قيادي%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A-حوثي%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A-منشق%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%82-أرتمى%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%89-في%D9%81%D9%8A-أحضان%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86-السعودي%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A/|title=قيادي حوثي منشق أرتمى في أحضان السعودية يهاجم سلطنة عمان: مسقط العربية تحولت إلى مشهد الإيرانية!|date=16 August 2018|language=ar|access-date=2024-04-27|archive-date=2019-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321015456/https://www.watanserb.com/2018/08/16/%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AB%D9%8A-%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B4%D9%82-%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%85%D9%89-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D8%A3%D8%AD%D8%B6%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A/|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| {{flagicon|Libya|1977}} [[格達費治下的利比亞]] {{small|(直到2011年)}}<ref name="Yobserver 2011-09-04">{{cite news|url=http://www.yobserver.com/front-page/10021347.html|title=Mana'a and al-Ahmar received money from Gaddafi to shake security of KSA, Yemen|date=4 September 2011|access-date=2 March 2021|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130210080152/http://www.yobserver.com/front-page/10021347.html|archive-date=10 February 2013|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.frbiu.com/articles/former-revolutionary-guards-minister-gaddafi-supplied-iran-with-missiles-asked-to-target-saudi-arabia|title=Former Revolutionary Guards minister: Gaddafi supplied Iran with missiles, asked to target Saudi Arabia|publisher=[[Mehr News Agency迈赫尔通讯社]]|access-date=2024-04-27|archive-date=2024-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228011624/https://www.frbiu.com/articles/former-revolutionary-guards-minister-gaddafi-supplied-iran-with-missiles-asked-to-target-saudi-arabia|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| {{flag|Sudan}} {{small|(直到2015年)}}<ref>{{cite news |url=http://english.aawsat.com/2014/10/article55337441/omar-al-bashir-we-cannot-allow-shiite-presence-in-sudan |title=Omar Al-Bashir: We cannot allow Shi'ite presence in Sudan |first=Fatah Al-Rahman |last=Youssef |date=12 October 2014 |newspaper=[[Asharq al-Awsat中東報]] |access-date=18 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160401095542/http://english.aawsat.com/2014/10/article55337441/omar-al-bashir-we-cannot-allow-shiite-presence-in-sudan |archive-date=1 April 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

| {{flagdeco|Syrian opposition}} [[自由敘利亞軍]] (直到2017年)<ref>{{cite news|author=Martin Chulov|work=[[The Guardian衛報]]|date=31 August 2017|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/31/victory-for-assad-looks-increasingly-likely-as-world-loses-interest-in-syria|title=Victory for Assad looks increasingly likely as world loses interest in Syria|accessdate=2024-04-27|archive-date=2019-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429045807/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/31/victory-for-assad-looks-increasingly-likely-as-world-loses-interest-in-syria|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="emerald.com" />

| {{flagicon image|İran Kürdistanı Demokrat Partisi bayrağı.jpg}} [[伊朗库尔德斯坦民主黨]]<ref>{{cite news|last=Iddon|first=Paul|url=http://rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/28072016|title=Erbil is not another front in the Saudi-Iran regional proxy war|date=28 July 2016|publisher=[[{{tsl|en|Rudaw Media Network|Rudaw]]}}|access-date=20 June 2017|archive-date=2018-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705092903/http://www.rudaw.net/english/kurdistan/28072016|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Babak|last=Dehghanpisheh|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-politics-kurds-idUSKCN11A0BD|title=To Iranian eyes, Kurdish unrest spells Saudi incitement|date=4 September 2016|publisher=[[Reuters路透社]]|access-date=2 November 2017|archive-date=2018-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181124213347/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-iran-politics-kurds-idUSKCN11A0BD|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Jaish_al-Adl.svg|}} [[正義之軍]]<ref name="Telegraph 2014-03-28">{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/10729946/Iran-calls-for-return-of-abducted-border-guards-held-in-Pakistan.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/middleeast/iran/10729946/Iran-calls-for-return-of-abducted-border-guards-held-in-Pakistan.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Iran calls for return of abducted border guards held in Pakistan|last=Merat|first=Arron|work=[[The Daily Telegraph每日电讯报]]|date=28 March 2014|access-date=20 October 2014}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Partiya_Jiyana_Azad_a_Kurdistanê.svg}} [[库尔德斯坦自由生活黨]]<ref name="SaudiKurd">{{cite news|url=https://en.radiofarda.com/a/iran-guards-commander-says-us-saudis-supplying-arms-to-militant-groups-/30443388.html|title=Iran Guards' Commander Says US, Saudis Supplying Arms To Militant Groups|publisher=Radio Farda|access-date=17 July 2022|archive-date=2023-09-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230921161110/https://en.radiofarda.com/a/iran-guards-commander-says-us-saudis-supplying-arms-to-militant-groups-/30443388.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| {{flagicon image|Flag of Arabistan.svg}} {{link-en|阿瓦士民族抵抗運動|Ahvaz National Resistance}}<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.irna.ir/en/News/83040635|title=Lebanese Hezbollah: Ahvaz crime reaction to Resistance victories|publisher=Islamic Republic News Agency|date=23 September 2018|access-date=4 February 2019|archive-date=2023-01-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120214508/https://www.irna.ir/en/News/83040635|dead-url=no}}</ref>

}}<ref>{{citation|first1=Sune Engel|last1=Rasmussen|title=Dissidents Call for United Front Against Iran After Assassination Attempts|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/dissidents-call-for-united-front-against-iran-after-assassination-attempts-1543158564|date=25 November 2018|access-date=17 July 2020|work=The Wall Street Journal|url-access=subscription|archive-date=2023-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404072739/https://www.wsj.com/articles/dissidents-call-for-united-front-against-iran-after-assassination-attempts-1543158564|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| {{flagicon|Palestine}} [[巴勒斯坦自治政府]]<ref name="Karami">{{cite news|last=Karami|first=Arash|url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/08/mek-palestinian-authority-mahmoud-abbas-maryam-rajavi-saudi.html|title=Were Saudis behind Abbas-MEK meeting?|date=2 August 2016|work=[[{{tsl|en|Al-Monitor]]}}|access-date=18 August 2016|archive-date=2019-05-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524235024/https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2016/08/mek-palestinian-authority-mahmoud-abbas-maryam-rajavi-saudi.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Kurdistan Freedom Party (Iran).svg}}{{link-en|库尔德斯坦自由黨|Kurdistan Freedom Party}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/iranian-kurds-return-arms|title=Iranian Kurds Return to Arms|publisher=Stratfor|date=29 July 2016|access-date=29 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160730222933/https://www.stratfor.com/analysis/iranian-kurds-return-arms|archive-date=30 July 2016|url-status=live|df=dmy-all|type=Analysis}}</ref>

| {{flagdeco|Iraq|1991}} [[納克什班迪教團軍]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/saudis-reportedly-funding-insurgents/|title=Saudis reportedly funding insurgents |date=September 8, 2006|work=The Seattle Times|quote=Private Saudi citizens are giving millions of dollars to Sunni insurgents in Iraq and much of the money is used to buy weapons|accessdate=2024-04-27|archive-date=2024-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240616143550/https://www.seattletimes.com/nation-world/saudis-reportedly-funding-insurgents/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="Reuters 2016-04-10">{{cite news|work=Reuters|title=Former Saddam aide seeks to reshape Iraq's Sunni insurgency|access-date=2 August 2018|date=10 April 2016|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-douri/former-saddam-aide-seeks-to-reshape-iraqs-sunni-insurgency-idUSKCN0X70L6|archive-date=2023-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404101338/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-douri/former-saddam-aide-seeks-to-reshape-iraqs-sunni-insurgency-idUSKCN0X70L6|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="Rudaw">{{cite news|publisher=[[{{tsl|en|Rudaw]]}}|title=Saddam's 'king of clubs' reappears on Baath anniversary|date=8 April 2018|url=http://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/iraq/080420181|accessdate=2024-04-27|archive-date=2018-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926122202/http://www.rudaw.net/english/middleeast/iraq/080420181|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| {{flagicon image|Forces Libanaises Flag.svg}} {{link-en|黎巴嫩部隊|Lebanese Forces}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/anti-hezbollah-lebanese-forces-party-says-it-has-won-least-20-seats-2022-05-16/|title=Lebanon vote deals blow to Hezbollah, preliminary results show|work=Reuters|accessdate=2024-04-27|archive-date=2023-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230915082812/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/anti-hezbollah-lebanese-forces-party-says-it-has-won-least-20-seats-2022-05-16/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/what-is-lebanese-forces-2022-05-16/|title=Factbox: What is the Lebanese Forces?|date=16 May 2022|work=Reuters|access-date=12 July 2022|archive-date=2023-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404142410/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/what-is-lebanese-forces-2022-05-16/|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| {{flagicon image|Flag of the People's Mujahedin of Iran.svg}} [[伊朗人民聖戰者組織]]<ref name="auto">{{cite book |author=Goulka, Jeremiah |author2=Hansell, Lydia |author3=Wilke, Elizabeth |author4=Larson, Judith |url=http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2009/RAND_MG871.pdf|title=The Mujahedin-e Khalq in Iraq: a policy conundrum|publisher=[[RAND Corporation兰德公司]]|isbn=978-0-8330-4701-4|year=2009|access-date=8 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222043501/http://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monographs/2009/RAND_MG871.pdf|archive-date=22 February 2016}}</ref><ref name="Mousavian">{{cite news|last=Mousavian|first=Seyed Hossein|author-link=Seyed Hossein Mousavian|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/seyed-hossein-mousavian/iran-nice-terrorism_b_11120386.html|title=From Iran to Nice, We Must Confront All Terrorism to End Terrorism|date=21 July 2016|work=[[HuffPost赫芬顿邮报]]|access-date=18 August 2016|archive-date=2017-10-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011164804/https://www.huffingtonpost.com/seyed-hossein-mousavian/iran-nice-terrorism_b_11120386.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="Karami"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://nationalinterest.org/feature/saudi-arabia-wants-roll-back-iran-17574|title=Saudi Arabia Wants to Roll Back Iran|work=The National Interest|quote=n July 9, Prince Turki bin Faisal, former Saudi intelligence head, unprecedentedly attended a rally for the notorious Iranian opposition group Mujahedeen Khalq (MEK) and called for the overthrow of the Islamic Republic of Iran.|access-date=13 January 2023|archive-date=2023-01-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230128124203/https://nationalinterest.org/feature/saudi-arabia-wants-roll-back-iran-17574|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| {{flag|United States}}<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/timeline-of-how-trump-administration-got-into-a-showdown-with-iran-2019-5#the-trump-administration-has-taken-a-hardline-stance-against-iran-from-the-beginning-and-defied-us-allies-by-withdrawing-from-the-iran-nuclear-deal-in-keeping-with-this-stance-trump-recently-designated-irans-revolutionary-guard-corps-a-foreign-terror-group-22|title=How the Trump administration got into a showdown with Iran that could lead to war|date=25 May 2019|work=Business Insider|accessdate=2024-04-27|archive-date=2019-07-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190720173155/https://www.businessinsider.com/timeline-of-how-trump-administration-got-into-a-showdown-with-iran-2019-5#the-trump-administration-has-taken-a-hardline-stance-against-iran-from-the-beginning-and-defied-us-allies-by-withdrawing-from-the-iran-nuclear-deal-in-keeping-with-this-stance-trump-recently-designated-irans-revolutionary-guard-corps-a-foreign-terror-group-22|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/16/world/middleeast/iran-tensions-explainer.html|title=The Tension Between America and Iran, Explained|date=16 May 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=25 May 2019|archive-date=2019-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525195300/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/05/16/world/middleeast/iran-tensions-explainer.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| {{flag|Israel}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://breakingdefense.com/2019/08/israel-meets-with-uae-declares-its-joining-persian-gulf-coalition/|title=Israel Meets With UAE, Declares It's Joining Persian Gulf Coalition|first=Theresa|last=Hitchens|date=16 August 2019|access-date=7 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190821224918/https://breakingdefense.com/2019/08/israel-meets-with-uae-declares-its-joining-persian-gulf-coalition/|archive-date=21 August 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Tibon">{{cite news|url=https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium-warsaw-summit-will-test-u-s-gamble-on-israeli-arab-pact-against-iran-1.6932889|title=Warsaw Summit Will Test U.S. Gamble on Israeli-Arab Pact Against Iran|first=Amir|last=Tibon|work=Haaretz|date=13 February 2019|access-date=4 February 2021|archive-date=2020-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200713172820/https://www.haaretz.com/us-news/.premium-warsaw-summit-will-test-u-s-gamble-on-israeli-arab-pact-against-iran-1.6932889|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The enemy of my enemy is my friend — an alliance that may save the Middle East |url=https://thehill.com/opinion/international/458506-the-enemy-of-my-enemy-is-my-friend-an-alliance-that-may-save-the-middle |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill国会山报]] |date=23 August 2019 |access-date=16 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903155348/https://thehill.com/opinion/international/458506-the-enemy-of-my-enemy-is-my-friend-an-alliance-that-may-save-the-middle |archive-date=3 September 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>

| {{flagcountry|France}}<ref name="Jordan and Saudi Arabia draw closer">{{cite web|url=http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=1034206687|title=Jordan and Saudi Arabia draw closer|website=Country.eiu.com|access-date=19 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206153443/http://country.eiu.com/article.aspx?articleid=1034206687|archive-date=6 December 2018|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref>

| {{flag|Egypt}}<ref name="Egypt-KSA-UAE">{{cite web|last1=Dunne|first1=Charles W.|url=https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/saudi-emirati-egyptian-alliance-steering-us-middle-east-policy/|title=Saudi-Emirati-Egyptian Alliance Steering US Middle East Policy|date=26 June 2019|access-date=4 October 2021|archive-date=2022-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422193325/https://arabcenterdc.org/resource/saudi-emirati-egyptian-alliance-steering-us-middle-east-policy/|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| {{flag|Bahrain}}<ref name="Saudi-Kuwait-Uae">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-kuwait-uae-reiterate-support-bahrains-fiscal-programme-2021-10-20/|title=Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, UAE reiterate support for Bahrain's fiscal programme|work=Reuters |date=20 October 2021|accessdate=2024-04-27|archive-date=2022-04-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422193322/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/saudi-arabia-kuwait-uae-reiterate-support-bahrains-fiscal-programme-2021-10-20/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.radiofarda.com/a/bahrain-jails-169-for-founding-iran-linked-terror-group-/29884855.html|title=Bahrain Jails 169 For Founding 'Iran-Linked Terror Group'|publisher=RFE/RL|accessdate=2024-04-27|archive-date=2020-10-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027160108/https://en.radiofarda.com/a/bahrain-jails-169-for-founding-iran-linked-terror-group-/29884855.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| {{flag|Morocco}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mipa.institute/6813|title=Why did Morocco cut its diplomatic ties with Iran? -|date=30 May 2019|access-date=2024-04-27|archive-date=2024-02-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228103245/https://mipa.institute/6813|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/diplomatic-relations-between-morocco-and-iran-sour-over-western-sahara-dispute/|title=Diplomatic relations between Morocco and Iran sour over Western Sahara dispute|date=16 July 2018|access-date=2024-04-27|archive-date=2020-12-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201231030003/https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/menasource/diplomatic-relations-between-morocco-and-iran-sour-over-western-sahara-dispute/|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| {{flag|Kuwait}}<ref name="Saudi-Kuwait-Uae" /><ref>[https://jinsa.org/now-is-the-time-for-kuwait-to-join-the-growing-anti-iran-coalition/ Now is the time for Kuwait to join the growing Anti-Iran Coalition] {{Wayback|url=https://jinsa.org/now-is-the-time-for-kuwait-to-join-the-growing-anti-iran-coalition/ |date=20240303001059 }} ''JINSA''</ref>

| {{flag|Sudan}} (2016–2019)<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/bahrain-cuts-ties-with-tehran-as-crisis-widens-in-saudi-iran-split/2016/01/04/145c8824-b271-11e5-8abc-d09392edc612_story.html |title=Mideast tensions soar as Saudi Arabia rallies countries to cut ties with Iran |newspaper=[[The Washington Post华盛顿邮报]] |access-date=4 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160104213428/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/bahrain-cuts-ties-with-tehran-as-crisis-widens-in-saudi-iran-split/2016/01/04/145c8824-b271-11e5-8abc-d09392edc612_story.html |archive-date=4 January 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>

| {{flagcountry|Ba'athist Iraq}} ([[波斯灣戰爭|直到1990年]])<ref name="vatanka12">{{cite news |url=http://www.majalla.com/eng/2012/03/article55230108 |last=Vatanka |first=Alex |date=22 March 2012 |access-date=7 November 2012 |title=The Odd Couple |newspaper=[[{{tsl|en|The Majalla]]}} |publisher=[[{{tsl|en|Saudi Research and Publishing Company]]}} |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141129025539/http://www.majalla.com/eng/2012/03/article55230108 |archive-date=29 November 2014 }}</ref>

| {{flag|Qatar}} (直到2017年)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saudi-iran-qatar/qatar-recalls-envoy-to-iran-after-attacks-on-saudi-missions-state-news-idUSKBN0UK23Z20160106|title=Qatar recalls envoy to Iran after attacks on Saudi missions: State News|work=Reuters|date=6 January 2016|access-date=2016-01-27|archive-date=2023-11-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118053139/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-saudi-iran-qatar/qatar-recalls-envoy-to-iran-after-attacks-on-saudi-missions-state-news-idUSKBN0UK23Z20160106/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="vatanka12" />

| commander1 = {{flagdeco|Iran}} '''[[Ali Khamenei阿里·哈梅內伊]]'''<br />([[Supreme Leader of Iran伊朗最高领袖]])<br />{{flagdeco|Iran}} [[Ebrahim Raisi易卜拉欣·莱希]]<br />([[President of Iran伊朗总统]])<br />{{flagdeco|Iran}} [[Esmail Ghaani伊斯梅爾·賈尼]]<br />([[Quds Force聖城軍]] commander指揮官) <br />{{flagdeco|Syria}} '''[[Bashar al-Assad巴沙尔·阿萨德]]'''<br />([[President of Syria叙利亚总统]])<br />{{flagicon image|InfoboxHez.PNG}} [[Hassan Nasrallah哈桑·纳斯鲁拉]]<br />([[Secretary-General of Hezbollah真主黨總書記]])<br /> [[{{tsl|en|Hadi Al-Amiri]]|哈迪·阿米里}}<br />(Leader of the [[Badr Organization巴德爾組織]]領導者)<br />{{flagdeco|Houthis}} [[Abdul阿卜杜勒-Malik Badreddin al-Houthi马立克·胡塞]]<br />(Leader of [[Houthis|Ansar Allah胡塞运动]]領導者)<br /> [[{{tsl|en|Qais al-Khazali]]|蓋斯·卡扎利}}<br />(Secretary-General of [[{{tsl|en|Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq]]|阿薩伊布·阿爾·哈克}}總書記)<ref>{{cite news |last1=Bowen |first1=Jeremy |title=The fearsome Iraqi militia vowing to vanquish Isis |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28199741 |access-date=3 August 2018 |publisher=[[BBC News英國廣播公司新聞部]] |date=7 July 2014 |archive-date=2023-01-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230120214456/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-28199741 |dead-url=no }}</ref><br />{{flagicon image|Single Color Flag - ffd700.png}}阿克拉姆·阿爾- Akram al-Kaabi卡比<br />(Secretary-General of [[Harakat Hezbollah al-Nujaba真主党精英运动]]總書記)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alkawthartv.com/news/102095|title=قائد النجباء يكشف مخططات السبهان للعراق|website=alkawthartv.com &#124; قناة الکوثر|access-date=5 July 2018|archive-date=5 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705233108/http://www.alkawthartv.com/news/102095}}</ref>

<br />{{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Nouri al-Maliki努里·马利基]] (Secretary-General of [[Islamic Dawa Party伊斯兰达瓦党]]總書記, Former Iraqi Prime Minister伊拉克前總理)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://english.alahednews.com.lb/25957/547|title=Al-Maliki Accuses Saudi Arabia of Supporting Terrorism|website=AlahedNews|date=22 April 2014|access-date=4 February 2019|archive-date=2024-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227163930/https://english.alahednews.com.lb/25957/547|dead-url=no}}</ref><br />{{flagdeco|Iran}} [[{{tsl|en|Mohammad Ali Jafari]]|穆罕默德·阿里·賈法裡}} (2007–19)<br />(Commander of the [[Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps伊斯兰革命卫队]]指揮官)<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/iran-denies-top-general-called-saudi-not-israel-its-enemy/|title=Iran denies top general called Saudi, not Israel, its enemy|last=Pileggi|first=Tamar|work=[[The Times of Israel以色列时报]]|date=15 March 2016|access-date=15 November 2017|archive-date=2017-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116042730/https://www.timesofisrael.com/iran-denies-top-general-called-saudi-not-israel-its-enemy/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/iran-guards-head-calls-saudi-arabia-terrorist-state/|title=Iran Guards head calls Saudi Arabia 'terrorist state'|work=The Times of Israel|date=4 July 2017|access-date=15 November 2017|archive-date=2017-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116042205/https://www.timesofisrael.com/iran-guards-head-calls-saudi-arabia-terrorist-state/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://en.mehrnews.com/news/129227/S-Arabia-Zionist-regime-behind-resignation-of-Lebanese-PM|title=Saudi Arabia, Zionist regime behind resignation of Lebanese PM|publisher=[[Mehr News Agency迈赫尔通讯社]]|date=5 November 2017|access-date=15 November 2017|archive-date=2017-11-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171116023126/https://en.mehrnews.com/news/129227/S-Arabia-Zionist-regime-behind-resignation-of-Lebanese-PM|dead-url=no}}</ref><br />

{{flagdeco|BHR}} Qassim al卡西姆·阿爾-Muamen 穆阿門(Leader of [[{{tsl|en|Al-Ashtar Brigades]]|阿什塔爾旅}}領導者)<ref>{{cite press release|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2018/08/285117.htm|title=State Department Terrorist Designation of Qassim Abdullah Ali Ahmed, AKA Qassim al-Muamen|publisher=United States Department of State|date=13 August 2018|access-date=4 February 2019|archive-date=2019-04-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190414210051/https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2018/08/285117.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref><br />

{{flagicon image|Single Color Flag - FFFF00.svg}} Abu Ala al-Walai 阿布·阿拉·瓦萊(Secretary-General of [[{{tsl|en|Kata'ib Sayyid al-Shuhada]]|巴基斯坦真主黨}}總書記)<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ansaar-alwalaey.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011051604/http://ansaar-alwalaey.com/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A1%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84/|archive-date=2018-10-11|title=الولائي يدين الاعتداءات الجبانة من ال سعود على اطفال اليمن ويعلن تطوعه مرة اخرى لنصرة اهل اليمن – الحاج ابو الاء الولائي|date=11 October 2018|access-date=24 July 2022}}</ref>

| title = Former leaders前領導人

| {{flagdeco|Iran}} [[Ruhollah Khomeini鲁霍拉·穆萨维·霍梅尼]] [[{{tsl|en|Death by natural causes|#]]}}<br />(1979–89)

| {{flagdeco|Iran}} [[Abolhassan Banisadr阿布哈桑·巴尼萨德尔]]<br />(1980–81)

| {{flagdeco|Iran}} [[Mohammad穆罕默德-Ali Rajai阿里·拉贾伊]]{{KIA|Targeted killing}}<br />(1981)

| {{flagdeco|Iran}} [[Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani阿克巴尔·哈什米·拉夫桑贾尼]] [[{{tsl|en|Death by natural causes|#]]}}<br />(1989–97)

| {{flagdeco|Iran}} [[Mohammad Khatami穆罕默德·哈塔米]]<br />(1997–05)

| {{flagdeco|Iran}} [[Mahmoud Ahmadinejad马哈茂德·艾哈迈迪内贾德]]<br />(2005–13)

| {{flagdeco|Iran}} [[Hassan Rouhani哈桑·鲁哈尼]]<br />(2013–21)

| {{flagdeco|Iran}} [[{{tsl|en|Ahmad Vahidi]]}}<br />(1988–98)

| {{flagdeco|Iran}} [[Qasem Soleimani卡西姆·蘇萊曼尼]]{{KIA|Targeted killing}}<br />(1998–2020)

| {{flagdeco|Iraq}} [[Abu Mahdi al-Muhandis阿布·马赫迪·穆罕迪斯]]{{KIA|Targeted killing}}<br />(2014–20)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.alkawthartv.com/news/86262|title=بالفيديو .. تصريح ناري لأبو مهدي المهندس حول السعودية والإمارات!|website=alkawthartv.com &#124; قناة الکوثر|access-date=5 July 2018|archive-date=5 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905021851/http://www.alkawthartv.com/news/86262}}</ref>

| {{flagdeco|Syria}} [[Hafez al-Assad哈菲兹·阿萨德]] [[{{tsl|en|Death by natural causes|#]]}}<br />(1979–2000)

| {{flagdeco|Yemen}} [[Ali Abdullah Saleh阿里·阿卜杜拉·萨利赫]]{{KIA}}

| {{flagdeco|Yemen}} [[Saleh Ali al-Sammad薩利赫·阿里·薩馬德]]{{KIA}}<br />(2016–18)

| [[{{tsl|en|Mohammad Baqir al-Hakim]]}}

| [[{{tsl|en|Abdul Aziz al-Hakim]]}}

| commander2 = {{flagdeco|Saudi Arabia}} '''[[Salman of Saudi Arabia|King Salman萨勒曼·本·阿卜杜勒-阿齐兹·阿勒沙特]]'''<br />([[King of Saudi Arabia沙特阿拉伯国王]])<br />{{flagdeco|Saudi Arabia}} [[Mohammed bin Salman穆罕默德·本·薩勒曼]]<br />([[{{tsl|en|Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia]]}} and [[Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia|Prime Minister沙特阿拉伯首相]])<br />{{flagdeco|Saudi Arabia}} [[{{tsl|en|Abdulaziz bin Saud Al Saud|Abdulaziz bin Saud]]}}<br />([[{{tsl|en|Ministry of Interior (Saudi Arabia)|Minister of Interior]]}})<ref>{{cite news|url=http://english.alarabiya.net/en/features/2017/06/21/PROFILE-The-new-Saudi-Interior-Minister.html|title=PROFILE: New Saudi Interior Minister Prince Abdulaziz bin Saud bin Nayef|work=Al Arabiya English|date=21 June 2017|access-date=15 November 2017|archive-date=2017-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114140906/http://english.alarabiya.net/en/features/2017/06/21/PROFILE-The-new-Saudi-Interior-Minister.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><br />{{flagdeco|Saudi Arabia}} Thamer al-Sabhan<br />(Minister of Gulf Affairs)<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Riyadhs-anti-Hezbollah-minister-513660|title=Riyadh's 'anti-Hezbollah minister'|last=Frantzman|first=Seth J.|work=[[The Jerusalem Post耶路撒冷邮报]]|date=8 November 2017|access-date=24 May 2018|archive-date=2017-11-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171114110833/http://www.jpost.com/Middle-East/Riyadhs-anti-Hezbollah-minister-513660|dead-url=no}}</ref><br />{{flagdeco|Saudi Arabia}} Obeid Fadel Al-Shammari<br />(Commander of Saudi Arabia Force in Yemen)<ref name="Obeid">{{cite web|url=http://weam.co/374115|script-title=ar:تعيين المقدم عبيد فاضل الشمري بدلًا من السهيان|language=ar|date=15 December 2015|access-date=24 May 2018|publisher=Alweeam.com.sa}}{{Dead link|date=February 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br />{{flagdeco|Saudi Arabia}} [[Fahd bin Turki bin Abdulaziz Al Saud法赫德·本·图尔基·本·阿卜杜勒阿齐兹·阿勒沙特]]<br />(Commander of the Joint Forces)<ref>{{cite news|last=Tawfeeq|first=Mohammed|title=Saudi Arabia replaces military commanders in late-night reshuffle|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/27/middleeast/saudi-military-posts-intl/index.html|access-date=24 May 2018|publisher=CNN|date=27 February 2018|archive-date=2024-02-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227202751/https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/27/middleeast/saudi-military-posts-intl/index.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><br /> {{flagicon image|GCC Flag.svg}} Hassan bin Hamza al-Shehri<br />([[{{tsl|en|Peninsula Shield Force|Commander of the PSF]]}})<ref>{{cite news|title=BDF Commander-in-Chief meets new Joint Peninsula Shield Forces Commander|url=http://bna.bh/portal/en/news/618909|access-date=22 March 2018|publisher=[[{{tsl|en|Bahrain News Agency]]}}|date=21 May 2014|archive-date=2018-06-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180626135639/http://bna.bh/portal/en/news/618909|dead-url=no}}</ref><br />{{flagdeco|Yemen}} [[Rashad al-Alimi拉沙德·阿利米]]<br />(Chairman of the [[{{tsl|en|Presidential Leadership Council]]}})<br />{{Collapsible list

| title = Former leaders前領導人

| 1 = {{flagdeco|Saudi Arabia}} [[Khalid of Saudi Arabia|King Khalid哈立德·本·阿卜杜勒-阿齐兹·阿勒沙特]] [[{{tsl|en|Death by natural causes|#]]}}<br /> (1979–82)

| 2 = {{flagdeco|Saudi Arabia}} [[Fahd of Saudi Arabia|King Fahd法赫德·本·阿卜杜勒-阿齊茲·阿勒沙特]] [[{{tsl|en|Death by natural causes|#]]}}<br /> (1982–2005)

| 3 = {{flagdeco|Saudi Arabia}} [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia|King Abdullah阿卜杜拉·本·阿卜杜勒-阿齐兹·阿勒沙特]] [[{{tsl|en|Death by natural causes|#]]}}<br /> (2005–15)

| 4 = {{flagdeco|Saudi Arabia}} [[Muhammad bin Nayef穆罕默德·本·纳伊夫·本·阿卜杜勒-阿齐兹·阿勒沙特]] (2011–17)<br />(Former [[{{tsl|en|Ministry of Interior (Saudi Arabia)|Interior Minister]]}})<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/saudi-arabias-domestic-and-foreign-intelligence-challenges|title=Saudi Arabia's Domestic and Foreign Intelligence Challenges|first=Simon|last=Henderson|date=21 February 2014|publisher=Washington Institute for Near East Policy|access-date=24 February 2014|archive-date=2014-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301150038/http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/view/saudi-arabias-domestic-and-foreign-intelligence-challenges|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Lippman|first=Thomas W.|title=Saudi Intel Chief Prince Bandar Is Out, But Is He Really Out?|url=http://www.mei.edu/content/saudi-intel-chief-prince-bandar-out-he-really-out|publisher=Middle East Institute|access-date=14 July 2014|date=16 April 2014|archive-date=2014-07-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140715042241/http://www.mei.edu/content/saudi-intel-chief-prince-bandar-out-he-really-out|dead-url=no}}</ref>

| 5 = {{flagicon image|GCC Flag.svg}} Mutlaq bin Salem Al Azima (2011–14)<br />([[{{tsl|en|Peninsula Shield Force|Former Commander of the PSF]]}})<ref name="awsat_commander_alAzima">{{cite news|last=Al Saeri|first=Muqbil|title=A talk with Peninsula Shield force commander Mutlaq bin Salem Al Azima|date=March 2011|newspaper=[[Asharq Al-Awsat中東報]]|url=http://aawsat.com/english/news.asp?section=3&id=24676|access-date=29 March 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110729040431/http://aawsat.com/english/news.asp?section=3&id=24676|archive-date=29 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref><ref name="PenForce_NYT14March">{{cite news |first1=Ethan |last1=Bronner |first2=Michael |last2= Slackman |title=Saudi Troops Enter Bahrain to Help Put Down Unrest |date=14 March 2011 |work=[[The New York Times纽约时报]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/15/world/middleeast/15bahrain.html |access-date=12 March 2018 |archive-date=2017-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201132600/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/15/world/middleeast/15bahrain.html?_r=2 |dead-url=no }}</ref>

| 6 = {{flagdeco|Yemen}} [[Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi阿卜杜拉布·曼苏尔·哈迪]]<br />(Former [[President of Yemen也门总统]])

'''伊朗—沙特阿拉伯代理人冲突'''是指[[伊朗]]和[[沙特阿拉伯]]为争夺[[中东]]和[[穆斯林世界]]的影响力而展开的[[代理人戰爭]]。 <ref name="wp">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/wp/2016/01/06/the-iran-saudi-arabia-proxy-war/|title=The Iran-Saudi Arabia proxy war|author=Rubin|first=Jennifer|authorlink=Jennifer Rubin (journalist)|date=6 January 2016|accessdate=19 June 2017|work=The Washington Post|archive-date=2018-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814232612/https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/right-turn/wp/2016/01/06/the-iran-saudi-arabia-proxy-war/|dead-url=no}}</ref>两国都介入[[叙利亚内战]]<ref>{{Cite news|author=Gerges|first=Fawaz|authorlink=Fawaz Gerges|title=Saudi Arabia and Iran must end their proxy war in Syria|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/15/saudia-arabia-iran-proxy-war-syria|work=[[衛報]]|date=15 December 2013|accessdate=7 March 2018|archive-date=2015-12-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208073513/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2013/dec/15/saudia-arabia-iran-proxy-war-syria|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|author=Rogin|first=Josh|title=Iran and Saudi Arabia Clash Inside Syria Talks|url=http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2015-11-04/iran-and-saudi-arabia-clash-inside-syria-talks|publisher=[[彭博新聞社]]|date=4 November 2015|accessdate=7 March 2018|quote=...Iran and Saudi Arabia to discuss anything civilly, much less come to an agreement on Syria, where both sides have proxy forces in the fight.|archivedate=4 May 2016|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504060308/http://www.bloombergview.com/articles/2015-11-04/iran-and-saudi-arabia-clash-inside-syria-talks}}</ref>、[[也门内战 (2014年至今)|也门内战]]<ref>{{Cite news|author=Tisdall|first=Simon|title=Iran-Saudi proxy war in Yemen explodes into region-wide crisis|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/26/iran-saudi-proxy-war-yemen-crisis|work=[[衛報]]|date=25 March 2015|accessdate=26 February 2018|archive-date=2019-10-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031064453/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/mar/26/iran-saudi-proxy-war-yemen-crisis|dead-url=no}}</ref> ，以及[[巴林]]、 <ref>{{Cite web|title=The Battle for Bahrain: Iranian-Saudi Rivalry|url=http://www.mepc.org/battle-bahrain-iranian-saudi-rivalry|website=Middle East Policy Council|last=Mabon|first=Simon|access-date=16 June 2017|archive-date=2019-08-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822020418/https://www.mepc.org/battle-bahrain-iranian-saudi-rivalry|dead-url=yes}}</ref>[[黎巴嫩]]、 <ref>{{Cite news|author=Ghattas|first=Kim|authorlink=Kim Ghattas|title=Iran-Saudi tensions simmer in Lebanon|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36335163|accessdate=21 September 2016|publisher=[[英國廣播公司新聞部]]|date=20 May 2016|archive-date=2019-08-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807045039/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-36335163|dead-url=no}}</ref>[[卡塔尔]]<ref>{{Cite news|author=Kenyon|first=Peter|title=Qatar's Crisis With Saudi Arabia And Gulf Neighbors Has Decades-Long Roots|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2017/06/17/533054129/qatars-crisis-with-saudi-arabia-and-gulf-neighbors-has-decades-long-roots|accessdate=28 June 2017|publisher=[[全国公共广播电台]]|date=17 June 2017|archive-date=2019-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924013041/https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2017/06/17/533054129/qatars-crisis-with-saudi-arabia-and-gulf-neighbors-has-decades-long-roots|dead-url=no}}</ref>和[[伊拉克]]<ref>{{Cite news|author=Rubin|first=Alissa J.|title=Iraq Before the War: A Fractured, Pent-Up Society|url=https://www.nytimes.com/live/britain-inquiry-iraq-war/iraq-society/|accessdate=13 July 2016|work=[[纽约时报]]|date=6 July 2016|archive-date=2018-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814232555/https://www.nytimes.com/live/britain-inquiry-iraq-war/iraq-society/|dead-url=no}}</ref> 國內的争端。伊朗将自己视为[[什叶派]]國家領袖，而沙特阿拉伯则将自己视为[[遜尼派]]國家領袖。<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-42008809|title=Why Saudi Arabia and Iran are bitter rivals|last=Marcus|first=Jonathan|publisher=[[英國廣播公司新聞部]]|date=16 September 2019|access-date=31 October 2019|language=en-GB|archive-date=2019-09-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190922214741/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-42008809|dead-url=no}}</ref>