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氯：修订间差异

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|image name 2=
|image name 2 comment=
|atomic mass= [35.4527446, 35.457]{{CIAAW2021}}
|atomic mass 2=
|atomic mass comment=
|electron configuration=&#91;[[氖|Ne]]&#93; 3s<sup>2</sup> 3p<sup>5</sup>
|electrons per shell=2, 8, 7
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|first isolation date=1774
}}
'''{{zy|氯|lǜ|ㄌㄩˋ|luk6}}'''（{{lang-en|Chlorine}}），是一種[[化學元素]]，[[化學符號]]为'''{{化學式|氯}}'''，[[原子序數]]为17，[[原子量]]為{{val|35.453|u=[[原子質量單位|u]]}}，属于鹵族（即周期系ⅦA族）。氯是第二輕的[[鹵素]]，处于[[氟]]和[[溴]]之間，因此氯的非金属性介于它们之间。氯在室溫下是一种有强烈刺激性气味的黃綠色有毒氣體，液化后变为黄色油状液体。它是反應性極強的元素和強[[氧化劑]]。氯的[[電子親和力]]在所有元素中最高，且是鲍林[[電負度]]中第三高[[电负性]]的元素，僅次於[[氧]]和氟。
 
從遠古時期，人們就知道一种含氯的[[化合物]]——[[氯化鈉]]（食用鹽的主要成分）。1630年，[[氯氣]]在一次偶然的实验中首次被合成出來，但並不被当时的人们認為是一种重要的物質。1774年，[[卡爾·威廉·舍勒]]寫了一篇關於氯氣的描述，推測它是新元素的[[氧化物]]。1809年，[[约瑟夫·路易·盖-吕萨克]]和{{tsl|en|Louis-Jacques Thénard|[[路易·雅克·泰纳尔}}]]認為這种氣體是一种新的化学元素，而这个假设由英国化学家[[漢弗里·戴維]]在1810年证实。他以该种气体的颜色“淡绿色”（古希臘文：χλωρός、羅馬文：khlôros）为之命名。
 
因為氯很活泼，所以地殼中所有的氯皆以[[氯離子]]化合物的形式存在，例如[[食鹽]]。氯是含量第二多的鹵素（仅次于[[氟]]元素），也是地殼中含量排名第二十多的元素（0.031%）。但這些地殼中氯沉積物與[[海水]]中氯化物含量相比則相形見絀。
 
商業生產的氯是通过[[電解]][[食鹽水]]而得。家用[[漂白水|漂白剂]]、[[消毒劑]]以及工業用的一些[[化學試劑]]的開發乃是得利於氯的高氧化電位性質。氯廣泛運用于製造消費者產品，包括三分之二的有機化學品像是[[聚氯乙烯]]、許多[[塑膠|塑膠製品]]的中間產物和其他沒有包含氯元素的終端產品。[[游泳池]]经常使用含氯化合物以維持水池乾淨和衛生。高濃度的氯元素對生物體來說是極度危險和[[有毒]]的，[[第一次世界大戰]]曾使用氯氣作為第一個[[化學戰]]劑。
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===早期发现===
约 900年时，[[贾比尔]]和波斯医师兼炼金术士[[拉齐]]正在研究{{le|sal ammoniac}}（[[氯化铵]]），当它与{{le|Vitriol}}（各种金属[[硫酸盐]]的水合物）混合时，会产生[[氯化氢]]。<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kraus|first=Paul|author-link=:en:Paul Kraus (Arabist)|year=1942–1943|title=Jâbir ibn Hayyân: Contribution à l'histoire des idées scientifiques dans l'Islam. I. Le corpus des écrits jâbiriens. II. Jâbir et la science grecque|publisher={{tsl|en|Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale}}|location=Cairo|oclc=468740510|isbn=9783487091150}} vol. II, pp. 41–42; {{cite book|last=Multhauf|first=Robert P.|author-link=:en:Robert P. Multhauf|year=1966|title=The Origins of Chemistry|url=https://archive.org/details/originsofchemist0000robe|location=London|publisher=Oldbourne|isbn=}} pp. 141-142.</ref>然而，在这些早期的氯化物实验中，气态产物似乎被丢弃了，在发现它可以用于化学用途之前，氯化氢可能已经被合成了很多次。<ref>{{harvnb|Multhauf|1966|loc=p. 142, note 79}}.</ref>氯的一个重要的发展是{{le|拟贾比尔|pseudo-Geber}}的发现。他把氯化铵和[[硝酸]]混合，得到一种可以溶解金的溶剂，也就是[[王水]]。<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Karpenko|first1=Vladimír|last2=Norris|first2=John A.|year=2002|title=Vitriol in the History of Chemistry|journal=Chemické listy|volume=96|issue=12|pages=997–1005|url=http://www.chemicke-listy.cz/ojs3/index.php/chemicke-listy/article/view/2266|access-date=2021-06-13|archive-date=2021-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218003227/http://www.chemicke-listy.cz/ojs3/index.php/chemicke-listy/article/view/2266|dead-url=no}} p. 1002.</ref>虽然王水是不稳定的混合物，会持续散发含有氯气的烟雾，但它们在之前一直被忽视。直到1630年，[[扬·巴普蒂斯塔·范·海尔蒙特]]才发现到它是一种气态物质。<ref name="Greenwood789">Greenwood and Earnshaw, p. 789–92</ref><ref group=note>{{cite book|last1=van Helmont|first1=Joannis Baptistae|title=Opera omnia [All Works]|date=1682|publisher=Johann Just Erythropel|location=Frankfurt-am-Main, (Germany)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qy5AAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP5|language=la|access-date=2021-06-13|archive-date=2021-12-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211218003252/https://books.google.com/books?id=Qy5AAAAAcAAJ&pg=PP5|dead-url=no}} From ''"Complexionum atque mistionum elementalium figmentum."'' (Formation of combinations and of mixtures of elements), §37, [https://books.google.com/books?id=Qy5AAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA105#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 105:] {{Wayback|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qy5AAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA105#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=20211218003234 }} ''"Accipe salis petrae, vitrioli, & alumnis partes aequas: exsiccato singula, & connexis simul, distilla aquam. Quae nil aliud est, quam merum sal volatile. Hujus accipe uncias quatuor, salis armeniaci unciam junge, in forti vitro, alembico, per caementum (ex cera, colophonia, & vitri pulverre) calidissime affusum, firmato; mox, etiam in frigore, Gas excitatur, & vas, utut forte, dissilit cum fragore."'' (Take equal parts of saltpeter [i.e., sodium nitrate], vitriol [i.e., concentrated sulfuric acid], and alum: dry each and combine simultaneously; distill off the water [i.e., liquid]. That [distillate] is nothing else than pure volatile salt [i.e., spirit of nitre, nitric acid]. Take four ounces of this [viz, nitric acid], add one ounce of Armenian salt [i.e., ammonium chloride], [place it] in a strong glass alembic sealed by cement ([made] from wax, rosin, and powdered glass) [that has been] poured very hot; soon, even in the cold, gas is stimulated, and the vessel, however strong, bursts into fragments.) From ''"De Flatibus"'' (On gases), [https://books.google.com/books?id=Qy5AAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA408#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 408] {{Wayback|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qy5AAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA408#v=onepage&q&f=false |date=20211218010303 }}: ''"Sal armeniacus enim, & aqua chrysulca, quae singula per se distillari, possunt, & pati calorem: sin autem jungantur, & intepescant, non possunt non, quin statim in Gas sylvestre, sive incoercibilem flatum transmutentur."'' (Truly Armenian salt [i.e., ammonium chloride] and nitric acid, each of which can be distilled by itself, and submitted to heat; but if, on the other hand, they be combined and become warm, they cannot but be changed immediately into carbon dioxide [note: van Helmont’s identification of the gas is mistaken] or an incondensable gas.)<br>
See also:
* [https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/chemistry-biographies/johannes-joan-baptista-van-helmont Helmont, Johannes (Joan) Baptista Van, Encyclopedia.Com] {{Wayback|url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/science-and-technology/chemistry-biographies/johannes-joan-baptista-van-helmont |date=20211218003254 }}: "Others were chlorine gas from the reaction of nitric acid and sal ammoniac; … "
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氯于1774年首次由[[卡尔·威廉·舍勒]]研究。这个发现归功于他。<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Scheele|first1=Carl Wilhelm|title=Om Brunsten, eller Magnesia, och dess Egenskaper|journal=Kongliga Vetenskaps Academiens Handlingar [Proceedings of the Royal Scientific Academy]|date=1774|volume=35|pages=89–116, 177–194|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015039452910;view=1up;seq=99|trans-title=On braunstein [i.e., pyrolusite, manganese dioxide], or magnesia, and its properties|language=sv|access-date=2021-06-13|archive-date=2020-04-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200423132126/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015039452910;view=1up;seq=99|dead-url=no}} [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015039452910;view=1up;seq=103 In section 6 on pp. 93–94 of his paper] {{Wayback|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015039452910;view=1up;seq=103 |date=20211218003341 }}, Scheele described how chlorine was produced when a mixture of hydrochloric acid and manganese dioxide (''Brunsten'') was heated: ''"6) (a) På 1/2 uns fint rifven Brunsten slogs 1 uns ren Spiritus salis. … samt lukten fo̊rsvunnen."'' ( 6) (a) On one half ounce of finely ground Braunstein [pyrolusite] was poured one ounce of pure ''spiritus salis'' [spirit of salt, hydrogen chloride]. After this mixture had been standing in the cold for one hour, the acid had assumed a dark brown colour. One part of this solution was poured into a glass, which was placed over the fire. The solution gave off an odour like warm ''aqua regia'' and after one quarter’s hour duration, it was as clear and colourless as water, and the smell had disappeared.) For an English translation of the relevant passages of this article, see: ''The Early History of Chlorine : Papers by Carl Wilhelm Scheele (1774), C. L. Berthollet (1785), Guyton de Morveau (1787), J. L. Gay-Lussac and L. J. Thenard (1809)'' (Edinburgh, Scotland: Alembic Club, 1912), [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924012394379;view=1up;seq=9 pp. 5–10.] {{Wayback|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924012394379;view=1up;seq=9 |date=20211218003427 }}</ref><ref name=krogt>{{cite web |url=http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=Cl |title=17 Chlorine |publisher=Elements.vanderkrogt.net |access-date=2008-09-12 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100123003013/http://elements.vanderkrogt.net/element.php?sym=Cl |archive-date=2010-01-23 }}</ref>他通过[[二氧化锰|MnO<sub>2</sub>]]（以[[软锰矿]]的形式）和HCl的反应生成氯气：<ref name=Greenwood789/>
 
:<chem>4HCl + MnO2 -> MnCl2 + 2H2O + Cl2</chem>
:4 HCl + MnO<sub>2</sub> → MnCl<sub>2</sub> + 2 H<sub>2</sub>O + Cl<sub>2</sub>
 
舍勒观察到了氯气的一些性质：漂白[[石蕊]]，杀死昆虫，黄绿色，气味像[[王水]]。<ref name=Greenwood792>Greenwood and Earnshaw, pp. 792–93</ref>他把氯气称为“「脱燃素的盐酸气”，」，因为它是源于[[盐酸]]的气体。<ref name=krogt/>他未能将氯确认为一种元素。<ref name=krogt/>
 
当时认为酸中一定有氧，所以很多化学家，包括[[克劳德·贝托莱]]都认为舍勒的“「脱燃素的盐酸气”」肯定是氧和未知元素''muriaticum''的化合物。<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=34KwmkU4LG0C&pg=PA158|page=158|title=The development of modern chemistry|author=Ihde, Aaron John|publisher=Courier Dover Publications|date=1984|isbn=978-0-486-64235-2|access-date=2021-06-13|archive-date=2020-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530085603/https://books.google.com/books?id=34KwmkU4LG0C&pg=PA158%2F|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="Weeks">{{cite journal|doi = 10.1021/ed009p1915|title = The discovery of the elements. XVII. The halogen family|date = 1932|last1 = Weeks|first1 = Mary Elvira|author-link1=Mary Elvira Weeks|journal = Journal of Chemical Education|volume = 9|issue = 11|page = 1915|bibcode=1932JChEd...9.1915W}}</ref>
 
1809年，[[约瑟夫·路易·盖-吕萨克]]和{{tsl|en|Louis-Jacques Thénard|[[路易·雅克·泰纳尔}}]]尝试分解“「脱燃素的盐酸气”」。他们把碳和“「脱燃素的盐酸气”」反应，试图得到''muriaticum''（和二氧化碳）。<ref name="krogt"/>他们没有成功并发表了一份报告，其中他们考虑了“「脱燃素的盐酸气”」是一种元素的可能性，但没有被说服。<ref>{{cite journal|last1 = Gay-Lussac|last2 = Thenard|title = Extrait des mémoires lus à l'Institut national, depuis le 7 mars 1808 jusqu'au 27 février 1809.|trans-title = Extracts from memoirs read at the national Institute, from 7 March 1808 to 27 February 1809|journal = Mémoires de Physique et de Chimie de la Société d'Arcueil|volume = 2|pages = 295–358|date = 1809|url = https://books.google.com/books?id=hnJKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA295|access-date = 2021-06-13|archive-date = 2014-02-12|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140212222254/http://books.google.com/books?id=hnJKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA295|dead-url = no}} See: §
''De la nature et des propriétés de l'acide muriatique et de l'acide muriatique oxigéné'' (On the nature and properties of muriatic acid and of oxidized muriatic acid), pp. 339–358. From pp. 357–358: ''"Le gaz muriatique oxigéné n'est pas, en effect, décomposé … comme un corps composé."'' ("In fact, oxygenated muriatic acid is not decomposed by charcoal, and it might be supposed, from this fact and those that are communicated in this Memoir, that this gas is a simple body. The phenomena that it presents can be explained well enough on this hypothesis; we shall not seek to defend it, however, as it appears to us that they are still better explained by regarding oxygenated muriatic acid as a compound body.") For a full English translation of this section, see: [http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/thenard.html Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard, "On the nature and the properties of muriatic acid and of oxygenated muriatic acid" (Lemoyne College, Syracuse, New York, USA)] {{Wayback|url=http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/thenard.html |date=20080725061430 }}</ref>
 
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实验室中可以通过盐酸和[[二氧化锰]]反应取得少量氯气，但由于这些氯气随时可用，因此很少出现这种需求。在工业上，氯通常是通过电解溶解在水中的氯化钠来生产的。这个方法被称为[[氯碱法]]，在 1892年工业化，现在是提供大部分工业氯气的方法。<ref name="Greenwood798"/>这个反应也会生成[[氢气]]和[[氢氧化钠]]。这个反应如下：<ref>{{Holleman&Wiberg|page=408}}</ref>
 
:2 NaCl<chem>2NaCl + 22H2O H<sub>2</sub->O → Cl<sub>2</sub>Cl2 + H<sub>2</sub>H2 + 2 NaOH</chem>
 
氯化物溶液的电解均按照以下方程式进行：
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=== 同位素 ===
{{main article|氯的同位素}}
氯有兩個穩定的[[同位素]]：氯-35和氯-37，37。這兩個同位素為是氯在大自然中唯二存在的形式，其中同位素氯-35佔了76%，而氯-37則占佔了剩下的24%，這兩個同位素是由恆星經[[氧氣燃燒過程]]以及[[矽燃燒過程]]而形成<ref name="Cameron">{{cite journal|last1=Cameron |first1=A. G. W. |year=1973 |title=Abundance of the Elements in the Solar System |url=http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/1973/1973_Cameron_1.pdf |journal=Space Science Reviews |volume=15 |issue=1 |pages=121–46 |doi=10.1007/BF00172440 |bibcode=1973SSRv...15..121C |s2cid=120201972 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021030549/http://pubs.giss.nasa.gov/docs/1973/1973_Cameron_1.pdf |archive-date=2011-10-21 }}</ref>。雖然核自旋幅度大於1/2會造成非球型核電荷分布，以及[[共振 (化学)|共振]]變廣而造成非零值核四極矩與四極性遲緩，但兩個同位素皆有核自旋3/2+，因此可用在核磁共振光譜，。其他氯的同位素皆具放射性，且[[半衰期]]極短而無法存在自然界中，因此，最常用於實驗室的是氯-36（半衰期為3.0×103×10<sup>5</sup>年）和氯-38（半衰期為37.2分鐘），氯-36和氯-38可藉由自然界中氯的中子活化而製成。<ref name=Greenwood800/>
 
氯最穩定的放射性同位素為氯-36，比氯-35還輕的同位素主要的衰變模式是[[电子俘获|電子捕獲]]而變成[[硫]]的同位素，比氯-37還重的同位素會經<chem>\beta</chem>衰變形成[[氩|氬]]的同位素，而氯-36會衰變成穩定的硫-36或氬-36。<ref name=NUBASE>{{NUBASE 2003}}</ref>作為宇宙源放射性同位素核種，氯-36存在於自然界的量與穩定的氯同位素相比，比例約為7× 10<sup>−13</sup>–1× 10–1×10<sup>−12</sup>比1：1。它是由氬-36接觸宇宙射線中的質子作用後散裂於大氣中而產生，。在岩石圈的頂部，氯-36主要是透過氯-35的熱中子活化以及[[鉀的同位素|鉀-39]]和[[鈣-40]]的散裂所產生，。在地底下的環境，鈣-40會抓住[[緲子]]而產生氯-36，此種方式對於產生氯-36變得越來越重要。<ref name=Zreda>{{cite journal | author = M. Zreda | year = 1991 | title = Cosmogenic chlorine-36 production rates in terrestrial rocks | journal = Earth and Planetary Science Letters | volume = 105 | issue = 1–3 | pages = 94–109|bibcode = 1991E&PSL.105...94Z |doi = 10.1016/0012-821X(91)90123-Y |display-authors=etal}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | author = M. Sheppard and M. Herod | year = 2012 | title = Variation in background concentrations and specific activities of 36Cl, 129I and U/Th-series radionuclides in surface waters | journal = Journal of Environmental Radioactivity | volume = 106 | pages = 27–34 | doi=10.1016/j.jenvrad.2011.10.015| pmid = 22304997 }}</ref>
 
== 化学性质==
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2007年，氯气也被用于{{le|安巴尔省的伊拉克战争|Iraq War in Anbar Province}}，叛乱分子用[[迫击炮]]和氯气罐包装[[汽车炸弹]]。这次袭击造成两人死亡，超过 350 人患病。其中，大多数死亡是由爆炸的威力造成的，而不是氯的影响，因为有毒气体很容易随着爆炸在大气中分散和稀释。在一些爆炸事件中，一百多名平民因呼吸困难而住院。伊拉克当局加强了氯元素的保卫，这对于向民众提供安全饮用水至关重要。<ref name="cnnchlorine">{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/03/17/iraq.main/index.html|last=Mahdi|first=Basim|publisher=CNN|date=2007-03-17|access-date=2007-03-17|title=Iraq gas attack makes hundreds ill|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070317201051/http://www.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/meast/03/17/iraq.main/index.html|archive-date=2007-03-17}}</ref><ref name="Chlorine bomb BBC">{{cite news|url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6660585.stm|work = BBC News|date = 2007-05-17|access-date = 2007-05-17|title = 'Chlorine bomb' hits Iraq village|url-status = dead|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070526010713/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6660585.stm|archive-date = 2007-05-26}}</ref>
 
据报道，2014年10月23日，[[伊斯兰国]]曾在[[伊拉克]]的Duluiyah镇使用过氯气。<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/islamic-state-militants-allegedly-used-chlorine-gas-against-iraqi-security-forces/2014/10/23/c865c943-1c93-4ac0-a7ed-033218f15cbb_story.html|title=Islamic State militants allegedly used chlorine gas against Iraqi security forces|newspaper=[[The Washington Post]]|first=Loveday|last=Morris|date=2014-10-23|access-date=2021-06-08|archive-date=2021-12-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211219012039/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/islamic-state-militants-allegedly-used-chlorine-gas-against-iraqi-security-forces/2014/10/23/c865c943-1c93-4ac0-a7ed-033218f15cbb_story.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>对衣服和土壤样本的实验室分析证实，2015年1月23日，有人在摩苏尔附近的47号公路 Kiske 路口，对库尔德[[佩什梅格]]部队使用了氯气。<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dropbox.com/s/efilp3g8mxwiev4/Lab-Report-Kisic-Junction-Chlorine.pdf?dl=0|title=Lab report on chlorine gas usage|publisher=Kurdistan Region Security Council |date=March 14, 2015 |accessdate=2021-06-15|archive-date=2023-12-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231230134053/https://www.dropbox.com/s/efilp3g8mxwiev4/Lab-Report-Kisic-Junction-Chlorine.pdf?dl=0|dead-url=no}}</ref>
 
==== 叙利亚====
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== 对人体的影响 ==
氯是人体所必需的[[常量元素]]之一。其作用有调节细胞外液的容量与渗透压、维持酸碱平衡、参与血液CO2运输等。<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=中国居民膳食营养素参考摄入量 第 2 部分：常量元素|last=中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会|url=http://www.nhc.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2018/05/20180523144024622.pdf|access-date=2021-12-01|archive-date=2020-10-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025220653/http://www.nhc.gov.cn/ewebeditor/uploadfile/2018/05/20180523144024622.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref>氯離子為代謝作用很重要的物質，胃中鹽酸的生成和細胞幫浦的功能皆需要氯。<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.med.umich.edu/1libr/aha/aha_schlorid_crs.htm |access-date=30 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331211149/http://med.umich.edu/1libr/aha/aha_schlorid_crs.htm |archive-date=31 March 2009 |title=Blood (Serum) Chloride Level Test}}</ref>飲食中主要的來源是餐桌上的鹽或氯化鈉，血液中過低或高濃度的氯為電解質失調的實例，在沒有其他異常的情況下很少發生低氯血症，它有時與換氣不足有關。<ref name="pmid3764530">{{cite journal |last1=Lavie|first1=CJ| last2=Crocker|first2=EF|last3=Key|first3=KJ |last4=Ferguson|first4=TG |title=Marked hypochloremic metabolic alkalosis with severe compensatory hypoventilation |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_southern-medical-journal_1986-10_79_10/page/n141|journal=South. Med. J. |volume=79 |issue=10 |pages=1296–99 |date=October 1986 |pmid=3764530 |doi= 10.1097/00007611-198610000-00025}}</ref>它可能與長期呼吸酸中毒有關。<ref name="pmid13611033">{{cite journal |last1=Levitin|first1=H |last2=Branscome|first2=W |last3=Epstein|first3=FH |title=The pathogenesis of hypochloremia in respiratory acidosis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-clinical-investigation_1958-12_37_12/page/1667|journal=J. Clin. Invest. |volume=37 |issue=12 |pages=1667–75 |date=December 1958 |pmid=13611033 |pmc=1062852 |doi=10.1172/JCI103758}}</ref>高氯血症（太多的氯）通常沒有症狀，當有症狀也與高血鈉症很像（太多鈉），血中氯含量的減少會導致腦缺水，症狀通常起因於快速復水後的腦水腫，高氯血症會影響氧氣的運輸。<ref name="pmid9760315">{{cite journal|title=Effects of hyperchloremia on blood oxygen binding in healthy calves|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-applied-physiology_1998-10_85_4/page/1267|first1=C|last2=Detry|first2=B|date=October 1998|journal=J. Appl. Physiol.|issue=4|doi=10.1152/jappl.1998.85.4.1267|volume=85|pages=1267–72|pmid=9760315|last3=Beerens|first3=D|last4=Florquin|display-authors=3|last1=Cambier}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|+18~49岁成年人的建议摄入量
检索自“https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/氯”