杜鹃科:修订间差异
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{{otheruses|other=名字亦為杜鵑的一類植物|杜鹃花科}}
{{NoteTA
|G1=BirdG
|G2=TO
|1=zh-tw:走鵑屬;zh-cn:走鹃属;
|2=zh-tw:小地鵑;zh-cn:小地鹃;
|3=zh-tw:地鵑;zh-cn:地鹃;
}}
{{automatic Taxobox
| fossil_range =[[始新世]]至今, {{fossilrange|34|0}}
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| image2_caption = [[鏽喉馬島鵑]](''Coua cursor'',非寄生杜鵑)
| taxon= Cuculidae
| authority = [[威廉·埃爾福德·利奇|Leach]],
| subdivision_ranks = [[属]]
| subdivision = 见正文
}}
'''杜鹃科'''([[学名]]:{{lang|la|Cuculidae}})在[[动物分类学]]上是[[鸟纲]]'''鹃形目
但也有少數,如[[走鹃]]、[[鸦鹃]]、[[犀鵑屬|犀鵑]]、[[圭拉鹃]]等杜鵑是不进行孵卵[[巢寄生]]的,這些不寄生的杜鹃科鸟類通常會将它们的巢筑在高树上。以鸦鹃為例,这种大型杜鹃會将它们的巢筑在地面上或低的灌木中。{{clarify|reason=巢筑在高树上的例子是巢筑在地面上或低的灌木中? }}
杜鹃科的鸟虽然大小不同,但它们的身体细长,尾较长,腿强壮。大多数杜鹃科的鸟住在森林裡,一些喜欢开放的地区。大多数以食[[昆虫]]为生,尤其喜食其它鸟躲避的多毛的[[蝴蝶]]的幼虫,因此又名布穀鸟,是農家相當歡迎的益鳥。
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鹃形目曾经除杜鹃科外还包括[[蕉鹃科]]和[[麝雉科]]。现在的分类法将[[蕉鹃科]]和[[麝雉科]]分为单独的两个目[[蕉鹃目]]、[[麝雉目]]。
==
雖然杜鵑傳統上給人的印象是進行巢寄生的鳥類,但並非所有的杜鵑都如此,事實上僅57種杜鵑會如此。<ref name=Davies>{{cite book |last1=Davies |first1=Nicholas B. |title=Cuckoos, cowbirds and other cheats |date=200 |publisher=T & A D Poyser |location=London |isbn=978-0-85661-135-3 |page=246 |url=https://archive.org/details/cuckooscowbirdso0000davi/page/246/mode/2up |accessdate=2023-09-08}}</ref>
==分類學==
在過去,杜鵑目下曾包含了[[蕉鵑]]及[[鴇]],但兩者自2014年後獨立成蕉鵑目以及鴇形目。<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jarvis |first1=Erich D. |last2=Mirarab |first2=Siavash |last3=Aberer |first3=Andre J. |last4=Li |first4=Bo |last5=Houde |first5=Peter |last6=Li |first6=Cai |last7=Ho |first7=Simon Y. W. |last8=Faircloth |first8=Brant C. |last9=Nabholz |first9=Benoit |last10=Howard |first10=Jason T. |last11=Suh |first11=Alexander |last12=Weber |first12=Claudia C. |last13=da Fonseca |first13=Rute R. |last14=Li |first14=Jianwen |last15=Zhang |first15=Fang |last16=Li |first16=Hui |last17=Zhou |first17=Long |last18=Narula |first18=Nitish |last19=Liu |first19=Liang |last20=Ganapathy |first20=Ganesh |last21=Boussau |first21=Bastien |last22=Bayzid |first22=Md. Shamsuzzoha |last23=Zavidovych |first23=Volodymyr |last24=Subramanian |first24=Sankar |last25=Gabaldón |first25=Toni |last26=Capella-Gutiérrez |first26=Salvador |last27=Huerta-Cepas |first27=Jaime |last28=Rekepalli |first28=Bhanu |last29=Munch |first29=Kasper |last30=Schierup |first30=Mikkel |last31=Lindow |first31=Bent |last32=Warren |first32=Wesley C. |last33=Ray |first33=David |last34=Green |first34=Richard E. |last35=Bruford |first35=Michael W. |last36=Zhan |first36=Xiangjiang |last37=Dixon |first37=Andrew |last38=Li |first38=Shengbin |last39=Li |first39=Ning |last40=Huang |first40=Yinhua |last41=Derryberry |first41=Elizabeth P. |last42=Bertelsen |first42=Mads Frost |last43=Sheldon |first43=Frederick H. |last44=Brumfield |first44=Robb T. |last45=Mello |first45=Claudio V. |last46=Lovell |first46=Peter V. |last47=Wirthlin |first47=Morgan |last48=Schneider |first48=Maria Paula Cruz |last49=Prosdocimi |first49=Francisco |last50=Samaniego |first50=José Alfredo |last51=Velazquez |first51=Amhed Missael Vargas |last52=Alfaro-Núñez |first52=Alonzo |last53=Campos |first53=Paula F. |last54=Petersen |first54=Bent |last55=Sicheritz-Ponten |first55=Thomas |last56=Pas |first56=An |last57=Bailey |first57=Tom |last58=Scofield |first58=Paul |last59=Bunce |first59=Michael |last60=Lambert |first60=David M. |last61=Zhou |first61=Qi |last62=Perelman |first62=Polina |last63=Driskell |first63=Amy C. |last64=Shapiro |first64=Beth |last65=Xiong |first65=Zijun |last66=Zeng |first66=Yongli |last67=Liu |first67=Shiping |last68=Li |first68=Zhenyu |last69=Liu |first69=Binghang |last70=Wu |first70=Kui |last71=Xiao |first71=Jin |last72=Yinqi |first72=Xiong |last73=Zheng |first73=Qiuemei |last74=Zhang |first74=Yong |last75=Yang |first75=Huanming |last76=Wang |first76=Jian |last77=Smeds |first77=Linnea |last78=Rheindt |first78=Frank E. |last79=Braun |first79=Michael |last80=Fjeldsa |first80=Jon |last81=Orlando |first81=Ludovic |last82=Barker |first82=F. Keith |last83=Jønsson |first83=Knud Andreas |last84=Johnson |first84=Warren |last85=Koepfli |first85=Klaus-Peter |last86=O’Brien |first86=Stephen |last87=Haussler |first87=David |last88=Ryder |first88=Oliver A. |last89=Rahbek |first89=Carsten |last90=Willerslev |first90=Eske |last91=Graves |first91=Gary R. |last92=Glenn |first92=Travis C. |last93=McCormack |first93=John |last94=Burt |first94=Dave |last95=Ellegren |first95=Hans |last96=Alström |first96=Per |last97=Edwards |first97=Scott V. |last98=Stamatakis |first98=Alexandros |last99=Mindell |first99=David P. |last100=Cracraft |first100=Joel |last101=Braun |first101=Edward L. |last102=Warnow |first102=Tandy |last103=Jun |first103=Wang |last104=Gilbert |first104=M. Thomas P. |last105=Zhang |first105=Guojie |display-authors=5 |title=Whole-genome analyses resolve early branches in the tree of life of modern birds |journal=Science |date=2014-12-12 |volume=346 |issue=6215 |pages=1320–1331 |doi=10.1126/science.1253451 |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1253451 |accessdate=2023-09-06 |archive-date=2023-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230521075000/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1253451 |dead-url=no }}</ref>以下的系統發生樹為基於2005年的[[粒線體DNA]]序列的分析研究所顯示的關係,並標示會行[[巢寄生]]的物種:<ref>{{ cite book | last1=Sorenson | first1= M.D. | last2=Payne | first2=R.B. | date=2005 | chapter=A molecular genetic analysis of cuckoo phylogeny | editor-last=Payne | editor-first=R.B. | title=The Cuckoos | location=Oxford | publisher=Oxford University Press | isbn=0-19-850213-3 | pages=68-94 }}</ref><ref name=IOC>{{IOC bird/13.2}}</ref><ref name=Davies/>
{{clade
|label1='''杜鵑科'''
|1={{clade
|1={{clade
|label1=(正常繁殖)
|1={{clade
|label1=[[犀鵑亞科]]
|1={{clade
|1=[[圭拉鵑屬]] <small>''Guira''</small>
|2=[[犀鵑屬]] <small>''Crotophaga''</small>
}}
|label2=[[雞鵑亞科]]
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[縱紋鵑屬]] <small>''Tapera''</small>
|2=[[雉鵑屬]] <small>''Dromococcyx''</small>
}}
|2={{clade
|1= [[小地鵑屬]] <small>''Morococcyx''</small>
|2={{clade
|1=[[雞鵑屬]] <small>''Neomorphus''</small>
|2=[[走鵑屬]] <small>''Geococcyx''</small>
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|label1=(正常繁殖)
|1={{clade
|label1=鴉鵑亞科
|1=[[鴉鵑屬]] <small>''Centropus''</small>
|label2=馬島鵑亞科
|2={{clade
|1=[[婆羅洲地鵑屬]] <small>''Carpococcyx''</small>
|2=[[马岛鹃属]] <small>''Coua''</small>
}}
}}
|label2=杜鵑亞科(行巢寄生)
|2={{clade
|1=[[棕胸地鵑屬]] <small>''Rhinortha''</small>
|2={{clade
|label1=地鵑族
|1={{clade
|1=[[黃嘴鵑屬]] <small>''Ceuthmochares''</small>
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[短嘴地鵑屬]] <small>''Taccocua''</small>
|2={{clade
|1=[[紅嘴地鵑屬]] <small>''Zanclostomus''</small>
|2=[[地鵑屬]] <small>''Phaenicophaeus''</small>
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[紅冠地鵑屬]] <small>''Dasylophus''</small>
|2=[[蘇拉黃嘴地鵑屬]] <small>''Rhamphococcyx''</small>
}}
|2={{clade
|1=[[鳳鵑屬]] <small>''Clamator''</small>
|2={{clade
|1=[[小棕鹃属]] <small>''Coccycua''</small>
|label2=(正常繁殖)
|2={{clade
|1=[[棕鹃属]] <small>''Piaya''</small>
|2=[[美洲鵑屬]] <small>''Coccyzus''</small>
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
|label2=杜鵑族
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[厚嘴鵑屬]] <small>''Pachycoccyx''</small>
|2={{clade
|1=[[黑頂鵑屬]] <small>''Microdynamis''</small>
|2=[[噪鵑屬]] <small>''Eudynamys''</small>
}}
}}
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[溝嘴鵑屬]] <small>''Scythrops''</small>
|2=[[長尾噪鵑屬]] <small>''Urodynamis''</small>
}}
|2={{clade
|1=[[金鹃属]] <small>''Chrysococcyx''</small>
|2={{clade
|1=[[八聲杜鵑屬]] <small>''Cacomantis''</small>
|2={{clade
|1={{clade
|1=[[乌鹃属]] <small>''Surniculus''</small>
|2=[[長尾鵑屬]] <small>''Cercococcyx''</small>
}}
|2={{clade
|1=[[鷹鵑屬]] <small>''Hierococcyx''</small>
|2=[[杜鹃属]] <small>''Cuculus''</small>
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
}}
==下屬分類==
本科包括以下33個屬:{{r|IOC}}
{{common taxon list|italic=yes
|圭拉鵑屬|Guira |Lesson, RP, 1830
|犀鹃属 |Crotophaga |Linnaeus, 1758
|縱紋鵑屬|Tapera |Thunberg, 1819
|雉鹃属 |Dromococcyx |Wied-Neuwied, 1832
|小地鵑屬|Morococcyx |P.L.Sclater, 1862
|走鹃属 |Geococcyx |Wagler, 1831
|鸡鹃属 |Neomorphus |Gloger, 1827
|鸦鹃属 |Centropus |Illiger, 1811
|婆羅洲地鵑屬|Carpococcyx |G.R.Gray, 1840
|马岛鹃属|Coua |Schinz, 1821
|棕胸地鵑屬|Rhinortha |Vigors, 1830
|黄嘴鹃属 |Ceuthmochares |Cabanis et Heine, 1863
|短嘴地鹃属|Taccocua |Lesson, 1830
|紅嘴地鵑屬|Zanclostomus |Swainson, 1837
|蘇拉黃嘴地鵑屬|Rhamphococcyx |Cabanis et Heine, 1863
|地鹃属 |Phaenicophaeus |Stephens, 1815
|紅冠地鵑屬|Dasylophus |Swainson, 1837
|凤鹃属 |Clamator |Kaup, 1829
|小棕鹃属|Coccycua |R.P.Lesson, 1830
|棕鵑屬|Piaya |Lesson, 1830
|美洲鹃属|Coccyzus |Vieillot, 1816
|厚嘴鵑屬|
|黑頂鵑屬|Microdynamis |Salvadori, 1878
|噪鹃属 |Eudynamys |Vigors et Horsfield, 1827
|長尾噪鵑屬|Urodynamys |Salvadori, 1880
|溝嘴鵑屬|Scythrops |Latham, 1790
|金鹃属 |Chrysococcyx |Boie, 1826
|八聲杜鵑屬|Cacomantis |S.Muller, 1843
|長尾鵑屬|Cercococcyx |Cabanis, 1882
|鷹鵑屬 |Hierococcyx |S.Müller, 1845
|乌鹃属 |Surniculus |Lesson, 1830
|杜鹃属 |Cuculus |Linnaeus, 1758,杜鹃鸟属
|†侏儒杜鵑屬 |Nannococcyx |Olson, 1975
}}
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==文化==
中國古代視杜鵑為一種悲鳥。相傳
* 唐‧李白《宣城見杜鵑花》:「蜀國曾聞子規鳥,宣城還見杜鵑花。一叫一迴腸一斷,三春三月憶三巴。」
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== 延伸阅读 ==
{{Wikisource further reading}}
{{鴇形總目|C.}}
{{Brood parasite}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q26381}}
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[[Category:杜鹃科|*]]
[[Category:鹃形目]]
[[Category:1819年描述的分類群]]
[[Category:威廉·埃爾福德·里奇命名的分類單元]]
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