半開前不圓唇元音：修订间差异
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{{NoteTA
|1=zh-cn:元音; zh-tw:母音; zh-hk:元音;
}}
{{Infobox IPA
|ipa symbol=ɛ
|ipa number=303
|decimal=603
|x-sampa=E
|kirshenbaum=E
|imagefile=Open-mid front unrounded vowel (vector).svg
|imagesize=150px
|braille=ar
}}
'''半開前不圓唇元音'''是[[母音]]的一種，用於一些語言當中，[[國際音標]]以{{ipa|{{尖括号|ɛ}}}}代表此音，而[[X-SAMPA]]音標則以{{ipa|{{尖括号|E}}}}代表此音。
{{半開元音}}
{{前元音}}
{{不圓唇元音}}
==各語言使用表==
{| class="wikitable" style="clear: both;"
! colspan=2| 语言 !! 词汇 !! [[国际音标]] !! 意义 !! 注释
|-
|[[阿拉伯语]]
|
|
|
|
|参见[[Imāla]]
|-
| [[亚美尼亚语]] || [[东亚美尼亚语]]{{sfnp|Dum-Tragut|2009|p=13}} || {{lang|hy|[[Armenian alphabet|'''է'''ջ]]}}/ēǰ ||{{IPA|[ɛd͡ʒ]}} ||页||
|-
| [[巴伐利亚语]] || [[阿姆施泰滕]]方言<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Traunmüller|1982}}, cited in {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=290}}</ref> || colspan="2" align="center" | {{example needed|date=October 2014}} || ||一般记作{{angbr IPA|æ}}。
|-
| colspan="2" | [[孟加拉语]]{{sfnp|Khan|2010|p=222}} || {{lang|bn|[[Bengali alphabet|'''এ'''ক]]}}/ek ||{{IPA|[ɛk]}} ||一||参见[[孟加拉语音系]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[保加利亚语]]{{sfnp|Ternes|Vladimirova-Buhtz|1999|p=56}} || {{lang|bg|[[Bulgarian language|п'''е'''т]]}}/pet ||{{IPA|[pɛt̪]}} ||五||参见[[保加利亚语音系]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[缅语]]{{sfnp|Watkins|2001|pp=292–293}} || မေ/me ||{{IPA|[mɛ]}} ||母亲||
|-
| colspan=2| [[加泰罗尼亚语]]{{sfnp|Carbonell|Llisterri|1992|p=54}} || {{lang|ca|[[Catalan orthography|m'''e'''l]]}} || {{IPA|[mɛɫ]}} ||蜜||参见[[加泰罗尼亚语音系]]
|-
|[[汉语]]
|[[标准汉语]]{{sfnp|Lin|2007|p=65}}
|{{lang|cmn-Hani|[[Chinese characters|天]]}} / {{lang|cmn-Latn|[[Hanyu Pinyin|ti'''ā'''n]]}}
|{{Audio-IPA|Zh-tiān.ogg|[tʰi̯ɛn˥]|help=no}}
|天
|元音高度介于中到开，取决于使用者。参见[[现代标准汉语音系]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[楚瓦什语]]
|[[Cyrillic script|ҫепĕç]]
|['ɕɛp̬ɘɕ]
|温柔
|
|-
| colspan="2" | [[捷克语]]{{sfnp|Dankovičová|1999|p=72}}{{sfnp|Šimáčková|Podlipský|Chládková|2012|p=228}} || {{lang|cs|[[Czech orthography|l'''e'''d]]}} || {{IPA|[lɛt]}} ||冰||在波西米亚捷克语中这个元音介于半开前元音{{IPA|[ɛ]}}、半开次前元音{{IPA|[ɛ̠]}}和中次前元音{{IPAblink|ɛ̝|ɛ̝̈}}间。{{sfnp|Dankovičová|1999|p=72}}参见[[捷克語音系]]
|-
| [[丹麦语]] ||标准音{{sfnp|Grønnum|1998|p=100}}{{sfnp|Basbøll|2005|p=45}} || {{lang|da|[[Dano-Norwegian alphabet|fr'''i'''sk]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈfʁɛsk]}} ||新鲜||一般记作{{angbr IPA|æ}}。参见[[丹麦语音系]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[荷兰语]] ||标准音{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|1992|p=47}} || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|b'''e'''d]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Nl-bed.ogg|[bɛt]}} ||床||参见[[荷兰语音系]]
|-
| [[The Hague dialect|The Hague]]{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2003|p=136}} || {{lang|nl|[[Dutch orthography|j'''ij''']]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Gents-jij.ogg|[jɛ̞ː]}} ||你||和标准音{{IPA|[ɛi]}}对应。
|-
| rowspan="10"| [[英语]] || [[美国英语]]{{sfnp|Mannell|Cox|Harrington|2009a}} || rowspan="4" | ''[[English orthography|b'''e'''d]]'' || rowspan="4" | {{Audio-IPA|En-us-bed.ogg|[bɛd]}} || rowspan="4" |床||
|-
| [[北英格兰]]英语{{sfnp|Lodge|2009|p=163}} ||或许有低化。{{sfnp|Lodge|2009|p=163}}
|-
| [[标准英音]]{{sfnp|Schmitt|2007|pp=322–323}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/vowel-sounds-rp/|access-date=2013-05-26|title=Received Pronunciation|publisher=British Library|archive-date=2018-12-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225074019/http://www.bl.uk/learning/langlit/sounds/case-studies/received-pronunciation/vowel-sounds-rp/%20|dead-url=no}}</ref> ||老派使用者用更闭的{{IPAblink|e̞}}。参见[[英语音系]]
|-
| [[苏格兰英语]]{{sfnp|Scobbie|Gordeeva|Matthews|2006|p=7}} ||
|-
| [[考克尼]]{{sfnp|Hughes|Trudgill|1979|p=35}} || rowspan="4" | ''[[English orthography|f'''a'''t]]'' || rowspan="4" | {{IPA|[fɛt]}} || rowspan="4" |胖||
|-
| [[新加坡英语]]{{sfnp|Bet Hashim|Brown|2000}} ||
|-
| [[新西兰英语]]{{sfnp|Mannell|Cox|Harrington|2009b}} ||参见[[新西兰英语]]
|-
|一些<br/>[[南非英语]]白读使用者{{sfnp|Lanham|1967|p=9}} ||其他使用者将其读作{{IPAblink|æ}}或{{IPAblink|a}}。参见[[南非英语音系]]
|-
|[[贝尔法斯特]]英语<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/x202-18a-ni.pdf|access-date=2013-05-26|title=Week 18 (ii). Northern Ireland|archive-date=2021-01-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210112070733/https://www.phon.ucl.ac.uk/home/wells/x202-18a-ni.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref> || ''[[English orthography|d'''ay'''s]]'' || {{IPA|[dɛːz]}} ||天||在闭音节是{{IPA|[iə]}}；和标准英音{{IPA|[eɪ]}}对应。
|-
| [[祖鲁英语]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.und.ac.za/und/ling/archive/wade_ch4.html |title=Rodrik Wade, MA Thesis, Ch 4: Structural characteristics of Zulu English |access-date=2008-05-17 |url-status=yes |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080517054614/http://www.und.ac.za/und/ling/archive/wade_ch4.html |archive-date=2008-05-17 }}</ref> || ''[[English orthography|m'''a'''te]]'' || {{IPA|[mɛt]}} ||同伴||使用者避免{{lang|en|[[Met–mate merger|met-mate合流]]}}。
|-
| colspan="2" | [[法罗语]]{{sfnp|Árnason|2011|pp=68, 75}} || {{lang|fo|[[Faroese orthography|fr'''e'''kt]]}} || {{IPA|[fɹɛʰkt]}} ||贪婪||参见[[法罗语音系]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[法语]]{{sfnp|Fougeron|Smith|1993|p=73}}{{sfnp|Collins|Mees|2013|p=225}} || {{lang|fr|[[French orthography|b'''ê'''te]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Fr-bête.ogg|[bɛt̪]}} ||野兽||参见[[法语音系]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[加利西亚语]] || {{lang|gl|[[Galician phonology |f'''e'''rro]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈfɛro̝]}} ||铁||参见[[加利西亚语音系]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[格鲁吉亚语]]{{sfnp|Shosted|Chikovani|2006|pp=261–262}} || {{lang|ka|[[Georgian alphabet|გ'''ე'''დი]]}}/gedi ||{{IPA|[ɡɛdi]}} ||天鹅||
|-
| rowspan="5" | [[德语]] || [[标准德语]]{{sfnp|Hall|2003|pp=82, 107}}{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=34}} || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|B'''e'''tt]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|De-Bett.ogg|[b̥ɛt]}} ||床|| Also described as mid {{IPAblink|ɛ̝}}.{{sfnp|Kohler|1999|p=87}}参见[[标准德语音系]]
|-
|弗兰肯方言<!--NOT 'dialect', the source talks about Standard German spoken with Franconian accent-->{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=40}} || rowspan="2" | {{lang|de|[[German orthography|od'''er''']]}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ˈoːdɛ]}} || rowspan="2" |或|| rowspan="2" |取代{{IPAblink|ɐ}}使用。{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=40}}参见[[标准德语音系]]
|-
|北部滨海方言<!--NOT 'dialects', the source talks about Standard German spoken with Coastal Northern accents-->{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=40}}
|-
|施瓦本口音<!--NOT 'dialect', the source talks about Standard German spoken with Swabian accent-->{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=64}} || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|f'''e'''tt]]}} || {{IPA|[fɛt]}} ||胖||和半闭元音{{IPAblink|e}}对立。{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=64}}参见[[标准德语音系]]
|-
|瑞士西部方言<!--NOT 'dialects', the source talks about Standard German spoken with Western Swiss accents-->{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|p=65}} || {{lang|de|[[German orthography|S'''ee''']]}} || {{IPA|[z̥ɛː]}} ||湖||其它口音是半闭元音{{IPAblink|eː}}；和次开元音{{IPAblink|æː}}对立。{{sfnp|Dudenredaktion|Kleiner|Knöbl|2015|pp=34, 65}} 参见[[标准德语音系]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[印度斯坦语]] || [[印地语]] || {{lang|hi|[[Devanagari|रहना]]}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[ˈɾɛɦna]}} || rowspan="2" |留下|| rowspan="2" |参见[[印度斯坦语音系]]
|-
| [[乌尔都语]]
|| {{lang|ur|[[Nastaliq|رہنا]]|rtl=yes}}
|-
| colspan="2"| [[意大利语]]{{sfnp|Rogers|d'Arcangeli|2004|p=119}}|| {{lang|it|[[Italian alphabet|b'''e'''ne]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|It-bene.ogg|[ˈbɛːne]}} ||好||参见[[意大利語音系]]
|-
| colspan="2" | Kaingang{{sfnp|Jolkesky|2009|pp=676–677, 682}} || ''mbr'''e''''' || {{IPA|[ˈᵐbɾɛ]}} ||与||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[韩语]] || {{lang|ko-Hang|[[Hangul|매미]]}} / {{lang|ko-Latn|[[Revised Romanization of Korean|m'''ae'''mi]]}} || {{IPA|[mɛːmi]}}||蝉||参见[[韩语音系]]
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[库尔德语]]
|[[北库尔德语]]
|{{lang|ku|[[Kurdish orthography|h'''e'''vde]]}}
|{{IPA|[hɛvdɛ]}}
| rowspan="3" |十七
| rowspan="3" |参见[[库尔德语音系]]
|-
|[[中库尔德语]]
| rowspan="2" |{{lang|ku|[[Kurdish orthography|ههڤده]]}}/hevda
|{{IPA|[hɛvdæ]}}
|-
|[[南库尔德语]]
|{{IPA|[hɛvda]}}
|-
| colspan="2" | [[林堡语]]{{sfnp|Gussenhoven|Aarts|1999|p=159}}{{sfnp|Peters|2006|p=119}}{{sfnp|Verhoeven|2007|p=221}} || {{lang|li|cr'''è'''me}} || {{IPA|[kʀ̝ɛːm]}} ||泡沫|| 例词来自[[马斯特里赫特]]方言。
|-
| colspan="2" | [[立陶宛语]] || {{lang|lt|[[Lithuanian orthography|m'''e'''sti]]}} || {{IPA|[mɛs̪t̪ɪ]}} ||扔||参见[[立陶宛语音系]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[下索布语]]{{sfnp|Stone|2002|p=600}} || {{lang|dsb|s'''e'''rp}} || {{IPA|[s̪ɛrp]}} ||镰刀||
|-
| colspan="2" | [[卢森堡语]]{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=70}} || {{lang|lb|St'''ä'''r}} || {{IPA|[ʃtɛːɐ̯]}} ||星||{{IPA|/eː/}}在{{IPA|/ʀ/}}前的同位异音。{{sfnp|Gilles|Trouvain|2013|p=70}}参见[[卢森堡语音系]]
|-
|[[马其顿语]]<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Friedman|2001|p=10}}</ref><ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Lunt|1952|pp=10–11}}</ref> ||标准音|| {{lang|mk|[[Macedonian alphabet|м'''е'''д]]}}/med ||{{IPA|[ˈmɛd̪]}} ||蜂蜜||参见[[马其顿语音系]]
|-
| [[挪威语]] || [[Sognamål dialect|Sognamål]]{{sfnp|Haugen|2004|p=30}} || {{lang|no|[[Norwegian alphabet|p'''e'''st]]}} || {{IPA|[pʰɛst]}} ||瘟疫||参见[[挪威语音系]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[波兰语]]{{sfnp|Jassem|2003|p=105}} || {{lang|pl|[[Polish orthography|t'''e'''n]]}} || {{Audio-IPA|Pl-ten.ogg|[t̪ɛn̪]}} ||这个||参见[[波兰语音系]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[葡萄牙语]] ||主要方言{{sfnp|Cruz-Ferreira|1995|p=91}}<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pucminas.br/imagedb/mestrado_doutorado/publicacoes/PUA_ARQ_ARQUI20121017151454.pdf |title=Variação inter- e intra-dialetal no português brasileiro: um problema para a teoria fonológica – Seung-Hwa LEE & Marco A. de Oliveira |access-date=2021-01-11 |archive-date=2014-12-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141215091040/http://www.pucminas.br/imagedb/mestrado_doutorado/publicacoes/PUA_ARQ_ARQUI20121017151454.pdf |dead-url=yes }}</ref>|| {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|p'''é''']]}} || {{IPA|[ˈpɛ]}} ||脚||重读元音是更低的{{IPAblink|æ}}。presence and use of 其他非重读⟨e⟩同位异音，如{{IPA|[{{IPAplink|e̞}} {{IPAplink|e}} {{IPAplink|ɪ}} {{IPAplink|i}} {{IPAplink|ʊ|ɨ}}]}}据方言变化。
|-
|部分使用者<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cl.up.pt/arquivo/como/tabela_fenomenos.pdf |title=Lista das marcas dialetais e ouros fenómenos de variação (fonética e fonológica) identificados nas amostras do Arquivo Dialetal do CLUP |access-date=2021-01-11 |archive-date=2014-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140306060343/http://cl.up.pt/arquivo/como/tabela_fenomenos.pdf |dead-url=no }}</ref> || {{lang|pt|[[Portuguese orthography|t'''em'''po]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈt̪ɛ̃mpu]}} ||时间||鼻化元音音质的不同主要在欧洲葡萄牙语中保存。参见[[葡萄牙語音系]]
|-
| [[罗马尼亚语]]||特兰西瓦尼亚方言{{sfnp|Pop|1938|p=29}} || {{lang|ro|[[Romanian alphabet|v'''e'''de]]}} || {{IPA|[ˈvɛɟe]}} ||（他）看||和标准罗马尼亚语中元音{{IPAblink|e̞}}对应。参见[[罗马尼亚语音系]]
|-
| colspan="2"| [[俄语]]{{sfnp|Jones|Ward|1969|p=41}} || {{lang|ru|[[Russian orthography|'''э'''то]]}}/eto ||{{Audio-IPA|Ru-это.ogg|[ˈɛt̪ə]}} ||这||参见[[俄语音系]]
|-
| colspan=2| Shiwiar{{sfnp|Fast Mowitz|1975|p=2}} || {{example needed|date=July 2015}} || || ||{{IPA|/a/}}的同位异音。
|-
| colspan="2" | [[斯洛文尼亚语]] || {{lang|sl|[[Slovene orthography|m'''e'''t]]}} || {{IPA|[mɛ́t]}} |||参见[[斯洛文尼亚语音系]]
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[西班牙语]] ||东[[安达卢西亚西班牙语]]{{sfnp|Zamora Vicente|1967|p=?}} || rowspan="2" | {{lang|es|[[Spanish alphabet|las madr'''e'''s]]}} || rowspan="2" | {{IPA|[læ̞ː ˈmæ̞ːð̞ɾɛː]}} || rowspan="2" |母亲们|| rowspan="2" |和其他方言{{IPAblink|e̞}}对应，但在这些方言里它们是独立的。参见[[西班牙語音系]]
|-
| [[穆尔西亚地区]]西班牙语{{sfnp|Zamora Vicente|1967|p=?}}
|-
| colspan="2" |[[斯瓦西里语]]
|shul'''e'''
|[ʃulɛ]
|学校
|
|-
| [[瑞典语]] ||中央标准音{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|p=140}} || {{lang|sv|[[Swedish alphabet|'''ä'''t]]}} || {{IPA|[ɛ̠ːt̪]}} ||请吃||有些后移。{{sfnp|Engstrand|1999|p=140}}参见[[瑞典語音系]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |壮语
|北部方言
|sep
|{{IPA|[θɛːp7]}}
|辣痛
|
|-
|南部方言
|hep
|{{IPA|[hɛːp7]}}
|沙哑
|
|-
| colspan="2" | [[泰语]] || {{lang|th|[[Thai script|'''แ'''ตร]]}} / [[Royal Thai General System of Transcription|''tr'''ae''''']] || {{IPA|[trɛː˧]}}||号角
|
|-
| colspan="2" | [[土耳其语]]{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=10}}{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}} || {{lang|tr|[[Turkish alphabet|ülk'''e''']]}} || {{IPA|[y̠l̠ˈcɛ]}} ||国家||{{IPA|/e/}}的"词尾"{{sfnp|Göksel|Kerslake|2005|p=10}}或"只出现在词组的末开音节"的同位异音。{{sfnp|Zimmer|Orgun|1999|p=155}}参见[[土耳其語音系]]
|-
| colspan="2" |Twi
|ɛyɛ
|
|这是好的
|
|-
| colspan="2" | [[乌克兰语]]{{sfnp|Danyenko|Vakulenko|1995|p=4}} ||{{lang|uk|[[Ukrainian alphabet|д'''е'''нь]]}}/den' ||{{IPA|[dɛnʲ]}}||一天||参见[[乌克兰語音系]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[上索布语]]{{sfnp|Stone|2002|p=600}}{{sfnp|Šewc-Schuster|1984|p=20}} || {{lang|hsb|č'''e'''lo}} || {{IPA|[ˈt͡ʃɛlɔ]}} ||小牛||参见[[上索布语音系]]
|-
| colspan="2" |[[威尔士语]]
|n'''e'''saf
|[nɛsav]
|下一个
|参见[[威尔士语音系]]
|-
| colspan="2" | [[西弗里西亚语]]{{sfnp|Tiersma|1999|p=10}} || {{lang|fy|b'''e'''ppe}} || {{IPA|[ˈbɛpə]}} ||祖母||参见[[西弗里西亚语]]
|-
| colspan="2"| [[约鲁巴语]]{{sfnp|Bamgboṣe|1969|p=166}} || lang="yo"| [[Standard Yoruba|'''''ẹ'''s'''ẹ̀''''']] || {{IPA|[ɛ̄sɛ]}} ||腿||
|}
==註釋==
{{reflist|2}}
==參考文獻==
{{refbegin|2}}
* {{citation
|last=Árnason
|first=Kristján
|title=The Phonology of Icelandic and Faroese
|year=2011
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|ref=harv
}}
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}}
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}}
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|last1=Bet Hashim
|first1=Suzanna
|last2=Brown
|first2=Adam
|year=2000
|chapter=The [e] and [æ] vowels in Singapore English
|editor-last=Brown
|editor-first=Adam
|editor2-last=Deterding
|editor2-first=David
|editor3-last=Ling
|editor3-first=Low Ee Ling
|title=The English Language in Singapore: Research on Pronunciation
|place=Singapore
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{{refend}}
==外部連結==
* {{phoible|ɛ}}
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