量子信息：修订间差异
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'''量子信息'''是以[[量子力学]]基本原理为基础，把[[量子]]系統「狀態」所帶有的物理資訊，进行计算、编码和信息传输的全新信息方式<ref name=itp>{{cite web|title=量子信息简介|url=http://www.itp.ac.cn/~suncp/kepu/qinf.pdf|website=中国科学院物理研究所|accessdate=2016-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161001173931/http://www.itp.ac.cn/~suncp/kepu/qinf.pdf|archive-date=2016-10-01|dead-url=yes}}</ref>。'''
量子資訊最常見的單位是為[[量子位元]]（qubit）——也就是一個只有兩個[[能態|狀態]]的量子系統。然而不同於古典數位狀態（其為[[離散]]），一個二狀態量子系統實際上可以在任何時間為兩個狀態的[[疊加態]]，這兩狀態也可以是[[本徵態]]。
==基础==
{{see also|量子力学|量子力學入門}}
===重大发现===
{{main|量子資訊科學}}
1927年，[[海森堡]]发现在测量粒子动量和位置的时候会导致''h''/4π的误差（两者误差相乘）。测量时位置的误差越小，动量的误差就会变得相当大。而''h''/4π就是这个误差的下限（也就是说两者误差的乘积大于等于''h''/4π）。这一结论最终被称作[[不确定性原理]]。
1935年，[[阿爾伯特·愛因斯坦]]、[[鮑里斯·波多爾斯基]]和[[納森·羅森]]提出了[[愛因斯坦-波多爾斯基-羅森悖論]]，客观上揭示了[[量子纠缠]]现象。
1984年，[[查尔斯·貝內特]]（Charles Bennett）與[[吉勒·布拉薩]]（Gilles Brassard）提出一种[[量子密鑰分發|量子密码分发协议]]，后被称为[[量子密鑰分發#BB84协议|BB84协议]]<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Quantum cryptography: Public key distribution and coin tossing|author=C. H. Bennett and G. Brassard.|url=https://www.cs.ucsb.edu/~chong/290N-W06/BB84.pdf|journal=In Proceedings of IEEE International Conference on Computers, Systems and Signal Processing,|issue=|doi=|others=|year=1984|location=紐約|volume=175|page=8|pmid=|access-date=2016-08-22|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001921/https://www.cs.ucsb.edu/~chong/290N-W06/BB84.pdf|dead-url=yes}}</ref>。
1994年，數學家[[彼得·秀爾]]發現針對[[整數分解]]的[[秀爾演算法]]（{{lang|en|Shor}}算法）。2001年，IBM使用[[核磁共振量子計算|NMR實做]]的量子計算機以及7個[[量子位元]]展示了秀爾演算法的實例，將15分解成3×5<ref name="VSBYSC01">{{Citation |last=Vandersypen |first=Lieven M. K. |last2=Steffen |first2=Matthias |last3=Breyta |first3=Gregory |last4=Yannoni |first4=Costantino S. |last5=Sherwood |first5=Mark H. |last6=Chuang |first6=Isaac L. |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2001 |title=Experimental realization of Shor's量子factoring algorithm using nuclear magnetic resonance |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=414 |issue=6866 |pages=883–887 |doi=10.1038/414883a }}.</ref>。
===相干特性===
{{main|量子相干性|量子纠缠}}
[[File:EPR-Experiment Bohm 1676x516 zh.png|thumb|350px|right|[[爱因斯坦-波多尔斯基-罗森佯谬|EPR实验]]假設一個零自旋中性[[π介子]]衰變成一個[[電子]]與一個[[正電子]]，這兩個衰變產物各自朝著相反方向移動，雖然彼此之間相隔一段距離，它們仍舊會發生[[量子糾纏]]現象。]]
由于[[量子相干性]]，[[量子比特]]在测量过程中会表现出与经典情况完全不同的行为<ref name="nature">{{Cite journal |first1=A. D. |last1=O'Connell |first2=M. |last2=Hofheinz |first3=M. |last3=Ansmann |first4=R. C. |last4=Bialczak |first5=M. |last5=Lenander |first6=E. |last6=Lucero |first7=M. |last7=Neeley |first8=D. |last8=Sank |first9=H. |last9=Wang |lastauthoramp=yes |title=Quantum ground state and single-phonon control of a mechanical resonator |journal=Nature |volume=464 |issue= 7289|pages=697–703 |year=2010 |doi=10.1038/nature08967 |bibcode = 2010Natur.464..697O |pmid=20237473 }}</ref>。测量仪器与被测系统的相互作用会引起所谓的[[波包塌缩]]。这时相干性将被彻底破坏，即发生了所谓的[[量子退相干]]<ref name=Schlosshauer2007>{{cite book|author=Maximilian A. Schlosshauer|title=Decoherence And the Quantum-To-Classical Transition|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-3-540-35773-5}}</ref>。[[量子纠缠]]是多比特系统特有的量子性质。两个比特的量子系统不仅有经典系统中的4种不同的状态，并且可以处在非平凡的双粒子相干叠加态（量子纠缠态）上，这构成了量子通讯的物理基础<ref name=itp/>。
==领域==
===量子通信===
{{main|量子密碼學|量子隱形傳態}}
[[美国]]在2005年建成了[[DARPA量子网络]]<ref>（英文）C. Elliott, “Building the quantum network”, ''New J. Phys.'' '''4''', 46 (2002).</ref><ref>（英文）C. Elliott, A. Colvin, D. Pearson, O. Pikalo, J.Schlafer, and H. Yeh, Current status of the DARPA Quantum Network, Quantum Information and Computation III, E. J. Donkor, A. R. Pirich, and H. E. Brandt, eds., ''Proc. SPIE 5815'', 138--149 (2005).</ref>，连接美国[[BBN公司]]、[[哈佛大学]]和[[波士顿大学]]3个节点。中国在2008年研制了20km级的3方量子电话网络<ref>T.-Y. Chen, H. Liang, Y. Liu, W.-Q. Cai, L. Ju, W.-Y. Liu, J. Wang, H. Yin, K. Chen, Z.-B. Chen, C.-Z. Peng, and J.-W. Pan, “Field test of a practical secure communication network with decoy-state quantum cryptography”, ''Opt. Exp.'' '''17''', 6540-6549 (2009). [http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-17-8-6540] {{Wayback|url=http://www.opticsinfobase.org/oe/abstract.cfm?uri=oe-17-8-6540 |date=20141130000808 }} 于2010年4月1日查阅</ref><ref>China creates quantum network. ''Physics World'' June 2009 p.11 (2009)</ref><ref>Quantum Phone Calls, ''Science'' '''324''', 568 (2009)</ref>。2009年构建了一个4节点全通型量子通信网络<ref>潘建伟科研团队。[http://quantum.ustc.edu.cn/] {{Wayback|url=http://quantum.ustc.edu.cn/ |date=20101021060918 }}于2010年4月1日查阅</ref>，大大提高了安全通信的距离和密钥产生速率，同时保证了绝对安全性<ref>（英文）W.-Y. Hwang, “Quantum key distribution with high loss: toward global secure communication”, ''Phys. Rev. Lett.'' '''91''', 057901 (2003).</ref><ref>（英文）X.-B. Wang, “Beating the photon-number-splitting attack in practical quantum cryptography”, ''Phys. Rev. Lett.'' '''94''', 230503 (2005).</ref><ref>（英文）H.-K. Lo, X. Ma, and K. Chen, “Decoy state quantum key distribution”, ''Phys. Rev. Lett.'' '''94''', 230504 (2005).</ref><ref>世界首个全通型量子通信网络落户中科大。《科技日报》，{{cite web |url=http://www.stdaily.com/kjrb/content/2009-09/01/content_99410.htm |title=存档副本 |accessdate=2016-06-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414213820/http://www.stdaily.com/kjrb/content/2009-09/01/content_99410.htm |archivedate=2010-04-14 }} 于2010年4月1日查阅</ref>。同年，“金融信息量子通信验证网”在北京正式开通，是世界上首次将量子通信技术应用于金融信息安全传输。2014年中国远程量子密钥分发系统的安全距离扩展至200公里，刷新世界纪录<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.ifeng.com/a/20141117/42487480_0.shtml |title=中国量子密钥分发安全距离创纪录 |accessdate=2016-08-22 |archive-date=2014-11-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129043234/http://news.ifeng.com/a/20141117/42487480_0.shtml |dead-url=no }}</ref>。2016年8月16日，中国发射一颗[[量子科學實驗衛星]]「墨子號」，連接地面光纖量子通信網絡<ref>{{cite news|title=世界第一個量子衛星！中國7月首射掀起通訊新革命|url=http://www.ettoday.net/news/20160526/704968.htm|accessdate=2016-06-27|agency=ETtoday 新聞雲|date=2016年5月26日|archive-date=2016-06-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625142148/http://www.ettoday.net/news/20160526/704968.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/2016-08/16/c_129231459.htm|title=我国成功发射世界首颗量子科学实验卫星“墨子号”|date=2016-08-16|accessdate=2016-08-16|archive-date=2016-08-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160815191524/http://news.xinhuanet.com/2016-08/16/c_129231459.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref>，并力爭在2030年建成20顆衛星規模的[[全通型量子通信网]]。
===量子计算===
{{main|量子计算}}
量子计算机由包含有导线和基本量子门的[[量子线路]]构成，导线用于传递量子信息，量子门用于操作量子信息<ref>郭光灿.[http://wls.iphy.ac.cn/Chinese/1219/1/lzgx/0.pdf 量子信息概论] {{Wayback|url=http://wls.iphy.ac.cn/Chinese/1219/1/lzgx/0.pdf |date=20170305013913 }}</ref>。
2015年5月，[[IBM]]在量子運算上取得兩項關鍵性突破，開發出四量子位原型電路（Four Quantum Bit Circuit），成為未來10年量子電腦基礎。另外一項是，可以同時發現兩項量子的錯誤型態，分別為Bit-Flip（位元翻轉）與Phase-Flip（相位翻轉），不同於過往在同一時間內只能找出一種錯誤型態，使量子電腦運作更為穩定。<ref>[http://www.ithome.com.tw/news/95595] {{Wayback|url=http://www.ithome.com.tw/news/95595 |date=20200920100114 }}，iThome新聞，2015年5月1日</ref>2016年8月，美国[[馬里蘭大學學院市分校|马里兰大学学院市分校]]发明世界上第一台由5[[量子位元]]组成的可编程量子计算机<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://mt.sohu.com/20160805/n462772920.shtml|title=全球首台可编程量子计算机在美国诞生|last=|first=|date=|work=搜狐新聞|accessdate=2016-08-05|archive-date=2017-03-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305170111/http://mt.sohu.com/20160805/n462772920.shtml|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v536/n7614/full/nature18648.html |title=Demonstration of a small programmable quantum computer with atomic qubits |first1=S. |last1=Debnath |first2=N. M. |last2=Linke |first3=C. |last3=Figgatt |first4=K. A. |last4=Landsman |first5=K. |last5=Wright |first6=C. |last6=Monroe |journal=[[自然 (期刊)|Nature]] |volume=536 |pages=63–66 |date=2016-08-04 |doi=10.1038/nature18648 |language=en |access-date=2016-08-22 |archive-date=2019-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701000655/https://www.nature.com/articles/nature18648 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。
===量子雷达===
{{main|量子雷达}}
[[量子雷达]]属于一种新概念雷达，是将量子信息技术引入经典雷达探测领域，提升雷达的综合性能<ref>{{cite web|title=中国量子雷达研制成功 有哪些技术优势|url=http://news.qq.com/a/20160907/030735.htm|website=腾讯新闻|publisher=观察者网|accessdate=2016-09-27|date=2016-09-07|archive-date=2020-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402204035/https://news.qq.com/a/20160907/030735.htm|dead-url=no}}</ref>。量子雷达具有探测距离远、可识别和分辨隐身平台及武器系统等突出特点，未来可进一步应用于导弹防御和空间探测，具有极其广阔的应用前景<ref>{{cite web|author1=张文|title=中国量子雷达研发获突破 隐身战机“克星”将至|url=http://www.chinanews.com/mil/2016/09-22/8010831.shtml|website=中国新闻网|publisher=解放军报|accessdate=2016-09-27|date=2016年9月22日|archive-date=2020-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402204039/http://www.chinanews.com/mil/2016/09-22/8010831.shtml|dead-url=no}}</ref>。根据利用量子现象和光子发射机制的不同，量子雷达主要可以分为三个类别：一是量子雷达发射非纠缠的量子态电磁波；二是量子雷达发射纠缠的量子态电磁波；三是雷达发射经典态的电磁波<ref>{{cite web|author1=铁流|title=中国量子雷达研制成功 有哪些技术优势|url=http://www.guancha.cn/tieliu/2016_09_07_373679.shtml|website=观察者|accessdate=2016-09-27|date=2016-09-07|archive-date=2020-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811210712/https://www.guancha.cn/tieliu/2016_09_07_373679.shtml|dead-url=no}}</ref>。2008年美國麻省理工學院的Lloyd教授首次提出了量子遠程探測系統模型。2013年義大利的Lopaeva博士在實驗室中達成量子雷達成像探測，證明其有實戰價值的可能性<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.ifeng.com/a/20160907/49929146_0.shtml?_zbs_baidu_bk |title=鳳凰衛視-神秘量子雷達 |access-date=2016-09-27 |archive-date=2019-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502111459/http://news.ifeng.com/a/20160907/49929146_0.shtml?_zbs_baidu_bk |dead-url=no }}</ref>。中国首部基于单光子检测的量子雷达系统由中国电科14所研制，中国科学技术大学、 中国电科27所以及南京大学协作完成<ref>{{cite web|author1=贾婧|title=中国研制成功首部量子雷达|url=http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2016/9/356277.shtm|website=科学网|publisher=科技日报|accessdate=2016-09-27|date=2016-09-14|archive-date=2020-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201201190013/http://news.sciencenet.cn/htmlnews/2016/9/356277.shtm|dead-url=no}}</ref>。不过专家表示，量子雷达想要实现工程化可能还有比较漫长的路要走<ref>{{cite web|title=专家：量子雷达还不成熟 对付F35要靠现有装备|url=http://news.ifeng.com/a/20160925/50020350_0.shtml|website=凤凰军事|publisher=环球时报|accessdate=2016-09-27|date=2016年9月25日|archive-date=2020-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200402204102/http://news.ifeng.com/a/20160925/50020350_0.shtml|dead-url=no}}</ref>。
===量子博弈===
{{le|量子博弈|Quantum game theory}}是Eisert等人在1999年提出的，游戏者可以利用量子规律摆脱所谓的[[囚徒困境]]<ref name=itp/>，防止某一玩家因背叛而获利<ref>{{citation|journal=[[Physical Review A]] |title=Multiplayer quantum games|author=Simon C. Benjamin and Patrick M. Hayden|date=13 August 2001|doi=10.1103/PhysRevA.64.030301|volume=64|issue=3|pages=030301|arxiv = quant-ph/0007038 |bibcode = 2001PhRvA..64c0301B }}, [http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0007038 arXiv:quant-ph/0007038] {{Wayback|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/quant-ph/0007038 |date=20210422103425 }}</ref>。
==参考来源==
{{reflist|2}}
==參考文獻==
{{refbegin|2}}
* Vlatko Vedral: ''Introduction to quantum information science.'' Oxford Univ. Pr., Oxford 2006, ISBN 0-19-921570-7
* Dirk Bouwmeester: ''The physics of quantum information – quantum cryptography, quantum teleportation, quantum computation.'' Springer, Berlin 2001, ISBN 3-540-66778-4
* Dieter Heiss: ''Fundamentals of quantum information – quantum computation, communication, decoherence and all that.'' Springer, Berlin 2002, ISBN 3-540-43367-8
* Dagmar Bruss, Gerd Leuchs: ''Lectures on quantum information.'' Wiley-VCH, Weinheim 2007, ISBN 978-3-527-40527-5
* ''Бауместер Д., Экерт А., Цайлингер А.'' Физика квантовой информации. М.: Постмаркет, 2002. 376 с. {{ru}}
* ''Белокуров В. В., Тимофеевская О. Д., Хрусталев О. А.'' Квантовая телепортация — обыкновенное чудо. Ижевск: РХД, 2000. 172 с. {{ru}}
* ''Нильсен М., Чанг И.'' Квантовые вычисления и квантовая информация. М.: Мир, 2006. 824 с. {{ru}}
* ''Прескилл Дж.'' РХД, 2008. 464 с. ISBN 978-5-93972-651-1 {{ru}}
* ''Холево А. С.'' Введение в квантовую теорию информации. М.: МЦНМО, 2002. 128 с. ISBN 5-94057-017-8 {{ru}}
* ''Хренников А. Ю.'' Введение в квантовую теорию информации. М.: Физматлит, 2008. 284 с. ISBN 978-5-9221-0951-2 {{ru}}
* Квантовая криптография: идеи и практика / под ред. С. Я. Килина, Д. Б. Хорошко, А. П. Низовцева. — Мн., 2008. — 392 с. {{ru}}
* ''Kilin S. Ya.'' Quanta and information / Progress in optics. — 2001. — Vol. 42. — P. 1-90. {{ru}}
* ''Килин С. Я.'' Квантовая информация / Успехи Физических Наук. — 1999. — Т. 169. — C. 507—527. [http://ufn.ru/ufn99/ufn99_5/Russian/r995b.pdf] {{Wayback|url=http://ufn.ru/ufn99/ufn99_5/Russian/r995b.pdf |date=20180720014645 }} {{ru}}
{{refend}}
==延伸阅读==
{{Refbegin|2}}
* Charles H. Bennett and Peter W. Shor, "Quantum Information Theory," ''IEEE Transactions on Information Theory,'' Vol 44, pp 2724–2742, Oct 1998
* [https://www.springer.com/east/home?SGWID=5-102-22-173664707-0&changeHeader=true Gregg Jaeger's book on Quantum Information](published by Springer, New York, 2007, {{ISBN|0-387-35725-4}})
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303183533/http://www.quantware.ups-tlse.fr/IHP2006/ Lectures at the Institut Henri Poincaré (slides and videos)]
*[http://www.worldscinet.com/ijqi/ijqi.shtml International Journal of Quantum Information] {{Wayback|url=http://www.worldscinet.com/ijqi/ijqi.shtml |date=20050204175104 }} World Scientific
*[https://www.springer.com/new+%26+forthcoming+titles+%28default%29/journal/11128 Quantum Information Processing] {{Wayback|url=https://www.springer.com/new+%26+forthcoming+titles+%28default%29/journal/11128 |date=20110127121339 }} Springer
* Michael A. Nielsen, Isaac L. Chuang, [http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/physics/quantum-physics-quantum-information-and-quantum-computation/quantum-computation-and-quantum-information-10th-anniversary-edition?format=PB&isbn=9781107002173#PkOdhEVJmYvWi4Bd.97 "Quantum Computation and Quantum Information"] {{Wayback|url=http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/physics/quantum-physics-quantum-information-and-quantum-computation/quantum-computation-and-quantum-information-10th-anniversary-edition?format=PB&isbn=9781107002173#PkOdhEVJmYvWi4Bd.97 |date=20190103004941 }}
* J. Watrous, The Theory of Quantum Information (Cambridge Univ. Press, 2018). Freely available at [https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/~watrous/TQI/] {{Wayback|url=https://cs.uwaterloo.ca/~watrous/TQI/ |date=20210413094757 }}
* John Preskill, Course Information for Physics 219/Computer Science 219 Quantum Computation, Caltech [http://www.theory.caltech.edu/people/preskill/ph229/] {{Wayback|url=http://www.theory.caltech.edu/people/preskill/ph229/ |date=20190206230543 }}
* Masahito Hayashi, [https://www.springer.com/in/book/9783642067693 "Quantum Information: An Introduction"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.springer.com/in/book/9783642067693 |date=20210121093525 }}
* Masahito Hayashi, [https://www.springer.com/gb/book/9783662497234 "Quantum Information Theory: Mathematical Foundation"] {{Wayback|url=https://www.springer.com/gb/book/9783662497234 |date=20210121094122 }}
* Charles H. Bennett, Peter W. Shor, "Quantum Information Theory" [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Fabio_Benatti/publication/226219951_Quantum_Information_Theory/links/0deec517fd717b0130000000.pdf] {{Wayback|url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Fabio_Benatti/publication/226219951_Quantum_Information_Theory/links/0deec517fd717b0130000000.pdf |date=20180108062605 }} {{CiteSeerX|10.1.1.89.1572}}
* {{citation|first=Mark M.|last=Wilde|arxiv=1106.1445|title=Quantum Information Theory|year=2017|publisher=Cambridge University Press|bibcode = 2011arXiv1106.1445W |doi=10.1017/9781316809976.001}}
* Vlatko Vedral, [https://global.oup.com/academic/product/introduction-to-quantum-information-science-9780199215706?cc=gb&lang=en& "Introduction to Quantum Information Science"] {{Wayback|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/introduction-to-quantum-information-science-9780199215706?cc=gb&lang=en& |date=20200722062404 }}
* {{cite journal |arxiv=1110.3234|doi=10.1103/RevModPhys.84.621|title=Gaussian quantum information|journal=Reviews of Modern Physics|volume=84|issue=2|pages=621–669|year=2012|last1=Weedbrook|first1=Christian|last2=Pirandola|first2=Stefano|last3=García-Patrón|first3=Raúl|last4=Cerf|first4=Nicolas J.|last5=Ralph|first5=Timothy C.|last6=Shapiro|first6=Jeffrey H.|last7=Lloyd|first7=Seth|bibcode=2012RvMP...84..621W}}
{{Refend}}
==参见==
{{div col|2}}
*[[信息论]]
*[[量子力學詮釋]]
*[[量子计算机]]
*[[量子引力]]
*[[量子信息科学]]
{{div col end}}
==外部連接==
* ''Валиев К. А.'' [http://vivovoco.astronet.ru/VV/JOURNAL/VRAN/QUBIT/QUBIT.HTM Квантовая информатика: компьютеры, связь и криптография] {{Wayback|url=http://vivovoco.astronet.ru/VV/JOURNAL/VRAN/QUBIT/QUBIT.HTM |date=20160305224541 }} [[Вестник Российской академии наук|Вестник РАН]]. Том 70. N.8. (2000) с.688-695. {{ru}}
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{{量子計算|state=collapsed}}
{{Quantum mechanics topics|state=collapsed}}
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[[category:量子信息| ]]
[[category:信息技术]]
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