ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ
ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ (ⵉⵙⵎ ⴰⴷⵖⵔⴰⵏ: ⵄⴷⵉⵎⵙ, [ʕdimes] ⵏⵖ ⵖⴷⴰⵎⵙ, [ɣdames]; ⵜⴰⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ: غدامس, [ɣadaːmes]) ⴷ ⵉⵛⵜ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵖⵍⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵙⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵖⴰⴷⴰⵎⵉⵙ ⴳ ⵜⵙⵓⴹⵏⵜ ⵏ ⵏⴰⵍⵓⵜ ⵖ ⵍⵉⴱⵢⴰ.
ⴰⵙⵏⵓⴱⴱⵛ
ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ ⵙⵎⵓⵏⵏ ⵜⵏ ⵙⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵏⵉⵍⵙⵏ. ⵜⵉⵎⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵣⵡⵓⵔⴰ ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⵜⵏⵜ ⴰⴹⵓⵍⴼ ⴷⵉ ⴽⴰⵍⴰⵙⴰⵏⵜⵉ ⵎⵓⵜⵉⵍⵏⵙⴽⵉ ⴳ 1903 ⴷ 1904. ⴳⴰⵏⵜ ⵜⵡⵓⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵊⴰⴽ ⵍⴰⵏⴼⵔⵢ ⵍⵍⵉ ⴷ ⵉⵙⵙⵓⴼ ⵖ ⴳ 1968 ⴷ 1973, ⴰⵙⴰⴳⵯⵎ ⵢⵓⴼⵏ ⴰⵎⵣⵡⴰⵔⵓ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔⵏⵜ ⴳ ⵓⵣⵎⵣ ⴷⴰ ⵉⴽⴽⴰ ⴳ ⵜⵖⵍⴰ ⵣⴳ 1944 ⴰⵔ 1945. ⵓⵔ ⵊⵊⵉⵏ ⵙⵓⵍ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵔⵣⵣⵓ ⴰⵎⴰⵢⵏⵓ ⵖⴼ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ ⴰⴷ ⵙⴳ ⵡⴰⴽⵓⴷ ⴰⵏⵏ. ⵖ ⵜⴳⴰⵔⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⴷ, ⵉⴼⵙⵔ ⴽⵓⵚⵎⴰⵏ (2013) ⵢⴰⵜ ⵜⵊⵕⵕⵓⵎⵜ ⵜⴰⵜⵔⴰⵜ ⵉⴱⵉⴷⴷⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⵜⵜⴰⵡⵉⵏ ⵏ ⵍⴰⵏⴼⵔⵢ.
ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ
ⵉⴹⴽⴹ ⵍⴰⵏⴼⵔⵢ ⵉⵙ ⵍⵍⴰⵏ 4,000 ⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⵏⵍ ⵉⴳ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ [1]ⴳⴳⵓⵜⵏ. ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵖ ⵜⵉⵍⴰⵡⵜ ⵓⵔ ⵉⵜⵜⵡⴰⵙⵙⴰⵏ ⵙ ⵓⵙⵏⵖⴷ. ⴰⵔ ⵉⵙⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴻⵜⵀⵏoⵍoⴳⵓⴻ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵡⵓⵟⵟⴰⵏ ⴷⴰⵔ 10,000 ⴳ 2006 ⴷ 2,000 ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⵉⴷⴷⵔⵏ ⴱⵕⵕⴰ ⵏ ⵓⴷⵖⴰⵔ. ⵎⴰⵛⴰ ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⵏ 10,000 ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵜⵜⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵉⵎⵣⴷⴰⵖⵏ ⵖⴰⴷⴰⵎⵉⵙ ⵏⵏⴰ ⴽⵓⵍⵍⵓ ⵓⵔ ⵉⴳⵉⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵙⵉⵡⵍⵏ ⵙ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ. ⵏⵏⵉⴳ ⵏ ⴰⵢⴰ, ⵓⵟⵟⵓⵏ ⴰⴷ ⵏ 2,000 ⵏ ⵓⵎⵣⵡⴰⴳ ⴰⵎⵙⵡⵉⵍ ⵉⴱⴷⴷ ⵖⴼ ⵢⴰⵏ ⵓⵙⴰⴳⵯⵎ ⴱⴰⵀⵔⴰ ⵉⵇⵇⴱⵓⵔⵏ[2]. ⵉⵜⵏⵓⵍⵓⴳ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵙⵉⴹⵉⵏ ⴰⵎ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵉⵎⵉⵣⵉ ⵏ ⵓⵏⵖⵓⴱⵓ "6b" (Threatened).
ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ
ⵜⴰⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ ⵜⴳⴰ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵜ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵉ ⵡⴰⴹⵓ ⵏⵏⵙ, ⵜⴰⵔⵉ ⵎⵏⵏⴰⵡⵜ ⵜⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢ ⵜⵉⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜⵉⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵙⵏⴰⵍⵖⴰⵏⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⵢⵉⵡⵏⵉⵏ. ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⵏ ⵜⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ, ⵎⴽ ⵍⵍⵉ ⵜ ⵉⵣⵎⵎⵉⵎ ⵍⴰⵏⴼⵔⵉ, ⴰⵔ ⵉⵎⵎⴰⵍ ⵉⴹⵉⵚ ⵉⴷⵔⵓⵙⵏ ⵣⵣⵖ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ. ⵓⵔ ⵜⴰ ⵉⵍⵍⵉ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵓⵎⵙⴰⵙⴰ ⵖⴼ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵏⵡ (classification) ⵏ ⵜⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ ⴳⵔ ⵜⵔⴰⴱⴱⵓⵜ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ. Aikhenvald ⴷ Militarev (1984) ⴷⴰ ⵜⵜ ⵙⵙⵉⴹⵉⵏⵏ ⵖⴼ ⵜⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ. ⴽⵓⵚⵎⴰⵏ (1999) ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜ ⵉⵙⵎⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵡⵉⵍⴰⵏⵜ. ⵉⵜⵏⵓⵍⵓⴳ ⵉⴳⴰ ⵜⵜ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵊⴰⵏⴰⵜ ⵏ ⵓⴳⵎⵓⴹ ⴳ ⵓⵙⵙⵉⵏⵡ ⵏⵏⵙ.
ⵜⴰⵙⵏⵎⵙⵍⵉⵜ
- ⵜⵉⵔⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ
ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵢⴰⴹⵏ ⴷ ⵜⵄⵕⴰⴱⵜ, ⵜⴰⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ ⵖⵓⵔⵙ ⵜⵉⵔⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵜⵓⴼⴼⴰⵢⵉⵏ (pharyngealized) ⴷ ⵜⵖⵎⵙⴰⵏⵉⵏ (pⵍⴰⵉⵏ ⴷⴻⵏⵜⴰⵍ ⵛoⵏⵙoⵏⴰⵏⵜⵙ). ⵜⴳ ⵜⵓⵙⵙⴷⴰ ⵜⴰⵏⵎⵥⵍⴰⵢⵜ (contrastive). ⵜⵉⵔⴳⴰⵍⵉⵏ ⵉⵜⵜⵢⵓⴱⴷⴰⵔⵏ ⴳⵔ ⵜⴰⵙⴽⵉⵡⵉⵏ ⴰⵔ ⵜⵜⵊⵕⵓⵏⵜ ⵖⴰⵙ ⴽⵔⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵉⴽⴽⴰⵍ (sporadically).
| Labial | Labio-dental | Dental | Dental phar. |
Palatal |
Velar |
Uvular |
Pharyngeal |
Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n̪ | |||||||
| Stop | (p) b |
t̪ d̪ |
t̪ˤ dˤ |
ɟ |
k ɡ |
q |
|||
| Fricative |
β |
f |
s̪ z̪ |
s̪ˤ z̪ˤ |
ʃ ʒ |
x ɣ |
ħ ʕ |
h | |
| Affricate | (tʃ) | ||||||||
| Approximant | w | l̪ | l̪ˤ | j | |||||
| Trill | r̪ | r̪ˤ |
ⴰⵎⴰⵜⴰ ⵏ ⵜⵓⵜⵍⴰⵢⵉⵏ ⵜⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵉⵏ ⵟⵟⴰⴼⵏⵜ ⵖⴰⵔ ⴽⵕⴰⴹ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵉⵎⵙⵍⵉⵛⴰⵏⵏ.
ⵜⵟⵟⴰⴼ ⵜⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ ⵙⵎⵎⵓⵙ ⵉⵖⵔⵉⵜⵏ ⵣⵓⵏ ⴷ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵛⵖⵜ.
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Close-mid | e | o | |
| Mid | ə | ||
| Near-open | ɐ | ||
| Open | a |
ⴰⵎⴰⵡⴰⵍ ⴰⵙⵉⵍⴰⵏ
ⵜⵍⵍⴰ ⵖ ⵉⵣⴷⴰⵔ ⵜⴰⵍⴳⴰⵎⵜ ⵏ Lipzig-Jakarta ⵏ ⵜⵖⴷⵉⵎⵙⵜ, ⵜⴻⵜⵜⵡⵙⴽⴰⵔ ⵖⴼ ⴰⵢⵍⵍⵉ ⵉⵍⵍⴰⵏ ⴳ ⵍⴰⵏⴼⵔⵢ (1973).
| Tinglizt | Taɣdimst | |
| 1 | fire | ōfa |
| 2 | nose | tənzart |
| 3 | to go | as with verbal deictic n "thither" (cf. 11 to come) |
| 4 | water | aman (plurale tantum) |
| 5 | mouth | ame |
| 6 | tongue | ēləs |
| 7 | blood | dămmăn (plurale tantum) |
| 8 | bone | ɣăṣṣ |
| 9 | 2sg pronoun | šăgg(ən) (m.), šămm(ən) (f.) |
| 10 | root | aẓur "root of plant" |
| 11 | to come | as with verbal deictic d "hither" (cf. 3 to go) |
| 12 | breast | bab, admār |
| 13 | rain | anaẓar |
| 14 | 1sg pronoun | năšš(ən) |
| 15 | name | ism |
| 16 | louse | talləkt |
| 17 | wing | afraw |
| 18 | flesh/meat | aksəm |
| 19 | hand/arm | ōfəss "hand", āɣil "arm" |
| 20 | fly | izi |
| 21 | night | ēβăḍ |
| 22 | ear | ēsəm |
| 23 | neck | takorəmt (cf. 47 back) |
| 24 | far | (not attested) |
| 25 | to do/make | əqḍu "to do, achieve" < Arabic, ăj "to put, to make" |
| 26 | house | daž, taddart |
| 27 | stone/rock | ērəj |
| 28 | bitter | iẓēk "to be bitter" |
| 29 | to say | ăn |
| 30 | tooth | asēn "incisor", taɣməst "molar", tawjlet "canine" |
| 31 | hair | azaw |
| 32 | big | (not attested) |
| 33 | one | yōn (m.), yōt (f.) |
| 34 | who? | anno |
| 35 | 3sg pronoun | (n)itto (m.), (n)ittāt (f.) |
| 36 | to beat/hit | ŏwət |
| 37 | leg/foot | aḍar |
| 38 | horn | aškaw |
| 39 | this | -o |
| 40 | fish | (not attested) |
| 41 | yesterday | ənḍəβăd |
| 42 | to drink | ăsw |
| 43 | black | săṭṭăf "to be black" (perfective stem; aorist stem not attested) |
| 44 | navel | tamet |
| 45 | to stand | ăβdəd "to be standing", ăkkər "to stand up" |
| 46 | to bite | ămbər |
| 47 | back | akorm, təkurmēn (cf. 23 neck) |
| 48 | wind | aḍo "wind, odour" |
| 49 | smoke | ōβo |
| 50 | what? | ke, me |
| 51 | child (kin term) | ara, tarwa |
| 52 | egg | tasadəlt |
| 53 | to give | ăkf |
| 54 | new | (not attested) |
| 55 | to burn (intr.) | ărɣ |
| 56 | not | wăl, ak |
| 57 | good | samēḥ < Arabic |
| 58 | to know | ăssən |
| 59 | knee | ōfəd |
| 60 | sand | tamallilt |
| 61 | to laugh | ăḍs |
| 62 | to hear | ăsl |
| 63 | soil | tammurt "earth, soil" |
| 64 | leaf | təfra "leaf of tree" |
| 65 | red | azŭggaɣ "red one" (prob. /azəggʷaɣ/) |
| 66 | liver | tōsa |
| 67 | to hide | əkənn |
| 68 | skin/hide | ēlăm "animal skin" |
| 69 | to suck | ăzməm |
| 70 | to carry | ăbb "to carry, bring", ăškəl "to carry, lift" |
| 71 | ant | takəṭfet |
| 72 | heavy | ăẓẓāk "to be heavy" (perfective stem; aorist stem not attested) |
| 73 | to take | āβăʕ "to take", ōməẓ "to seize, hold" |
| 74 | old | imqōr, iwsər "to be old, elderly (human)" |
| 75 | to eat | ăšš |
| 76 | thigh | taɣma |
| 77 | thick | izwər "to be thick" |
| 78 | long | əzzəjrət "to be long" |
| 79 | to blow | sβəḍ |
| 80 | wood | asɣēr "(piece of) wood" |
| 81 | to run | ăzzəl |
| 82 | to fall | ōḍu |
| 83 | eye | awăll |
| 84 | ash | ēšəd |
| 85 | tail | tabaḥṣuṣṣ < Arabic? |
| 86 | dog | ēde |
| 87 | to cry/weep | ăẓẓəf |
| 88 | to tie | ăqqēn |
| 89 | to see | ălləm |
| 90 | sweet | (not attested) |
| 91 | rope | tazara |
| 92 | shade/shadow | tēle |
| 93 | bird | ajaḍiḍ |
| 94 | salt | tēsənt |
| 95 | small | imtēt "to be small" |
| 96 | wide | (not attested) |
| 97 | star | iri |
| 98 | in | dəj, -i |
| 99 | hard | (not attested) |
| 100 | to grind/crush | ăẓəd "to grind", ăddəβ "to crush (in a mortar)" |
ⵜⴰⴱⵉⴱⵍⵢⵓⴳⵔⴰⴼⵜ
- Calassanti Motylinski, A. de (1903). "Note sur la mission dans le Souf pour y étudier le dialecte berbère de R'adamès". Journal Asiatique. 1903, II: 157–162.
- Calassanti Motylinski, A. de (1904). Le dialecte berbere de R’edamès. Paris: Leroux.
- Kossmann, M. (2013). A Grammatical Sketch of Ghadames Berber (Libya). Köln: Köppe. ISBN 978-3-89645-940-4.
- Lanfry, J. (1968). Ghadamès: Etude linguistique et ethnographique. I, Textes, notes philologiques et ethnographiques. Fort-National: Fichier de documentation berbère. (Archived link)
- Lanfry, J. (1973). Ghadamès: Etude linguistique et ethnographique. II, Glossaire (parler des Ayt Waziten). [Fort-National]: Le fichier périodique.