Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link Skip directly to A-Z link
Volume 13, Number 1—January 2007
Research

Spread of Cryptococcus gattii in British Columbia, Canada, and Detection in the Pacific Northwest, USA

Laura MacDougall*Comments to Author , Sarah E. Kidd†, Eleni Galanis*, Sunny Mak*, Mira J. Leslie‡, Paul R. Cieslak§, James W. Kronstad†, Muhammad G. Morshed*, and Karen H. Bartlett†
Author affiliations: *British Columbia Centre for Disease Control, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; †University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; ‡Washington State Department of Health, Shoreline, Washington, USA; §Oregon State Public Health, Portland, Oregon, USA;

Main Article

Figure 4

URA5–restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profiles for selected human, animal, and environmental Cryptococcus gattii isolates. A) URA5-RFLP to determine the molecular type using Hha I and Sau96 I endonucleases (14). B) URA5-RFLP to confirm molecular type and determine VGII subtype, using Hha I, Dde I, and BsrG I endonucleases.

Figure 4. URA5–restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) profiles for selected human, animal, and environmental Cryptococcus gattii isolates. A) URA5-RFLP to determine the molecular type using Hha I and Sau96 I endonucleases (14). B) URA5-RFLP to confirm molecular type and determine VGII subtype, using Hha I, Dde I, and BsrG I endonucleases.

Main Article

References
  1. Chen S, Sorrell T, Nimmo G, Speed B, Currie B, Ellis D, MedlineEpidemiology and host- and variety-dependent characteristics of infection due to Cryptococcus neoformans in Australia and New Zealand. Australasian Cryptococcal Study Group.Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31:499–508. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  2. Sorrell TC. MedlineCryptococcus neoformans variety gattii.Med Mycol. 2001;39:155–68. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  3. Bennett JE, Kwon-Chung KJ, Howard DH. MedlineEpidemiologic differences among serotypes of Cryptococcus neoformans.Am J Epidemiol. 1977;105:582–6.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  4. Kidd SE, Bach PJ, Hingston AO, Mak S, Chow Y, MacDougall L, Dispersal of Cryptococcus gattii, British Columbia, Canada. Emerg Infect Dis [serial on the Internet]. 2007 Jan [date cited]. Available from https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/13/1/06-0823_article
  5. MacDougall L, Fyfe M. MedlineEmergence of Cryptococcus gattii in a novel environment provides clues to its incubation period.J Clin Microbiol. 2006;44:1851–2. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  6. Kidd SE, Hagen F, Tscharke RL, Huynh M, Bartlett KH, Fyfe M, MedlineA rare genotype of Cryptococcus gattii caused the cryptococcosis outbreak on Vancouver Island (British Columbia, Canada).Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2004;101:17258–63. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  7. Bartlett K, MacDougall L, Mak S, Duncan C, Kidd S, Fyfe M. Cryptococcus gattii: a tropical pathogen emerging in a temperate climate zone. Proceedings 16th Conference on Biometeorology and Aerobiology; 2004 Aug 25–26; Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Boston: American Meterological Society. Abstract no. 5.5.
  8. Biogeoclimatic Zones of British Columbia. Victoria (BC); 2001. Government of British Columbia, Ministry of Forests. [cited 22 Jun 2006]. Available from http://www.for.gov.bc.ca/hfd/library/documents/treebook/biogeo/biogeo.htm
  9. Kidd SE, Guo H, Bartlett KH, Xu J, Kronstad JW. MedlineComparative gene genealogies indicate that two clonal lineages of Cryptococcus gattii in British Columbia resemble strains from other geographical areas.Eukaryot Cell. 2005;4:1629–38. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  10. Kwon-Chung KJ, Bennett JE. MedlineHigh prevalence of Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii in tropical and subtropical regions.Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A]. 1984;257:213–8.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  11. Kwon-Chung KJ, Bennett JE. MedlineEpidemiologic differences between the two varieties of Cryptococcus neoformans.Am J Epidemiol. 1984;120:123–30.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  12. Regional Profile. Vancouver Island, Victoria and the Gulf Islands. Tourism British Columbia; 2005. [cited 22 Jun 2006]. Available at: http://www.tourismbc.com/PDF/RegionalProfile_TAVancouver Island_FINAL.pdf
  13. Staib F, Seibold M, Antweiler E, Frohlich B, Weber S, Blisse A. MedlineThe brown colour effect (BCE) of Cryptococcus neoformans in the diagnosis, control and epidemiology of C. neoformans infections in AIDS patients.Zentralbl Bakteriol Mikrobiol Hyg [A]. 1987;266:167–77.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  14. Kwon-Chung KJ, Polacheck I, Bennett JE. MedlineImproved diagnostic medium for separation of Cryptococcus neoformans var. neoformans (serotypes A and D) and Cryptococcus neoformans var. gattii (serotypes B and C).J Clin Microbiol. 1982;15:535–7.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  15. Meyer W, Castaneda A, Jackson S, Huynh M, Castaneda E. MedlineMolecular typing of IberoAmerican Cryptococcus neoformans isolates.Emerg Infect Dis. 2003;9:189–95.PubMedGoogle Scholar
  16. Fraser JA, Giles SS, Wenink EC, Geunes-Boyer SG, Wright JR, Diezmann S, MedlineSame-sex mating and the origin of the Vancouver Island Cryptococcus gattii outbreak.Nature. 2005;437:1360–4. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  17. Katsu M, Kidd S, Ando A, Moretti-Branchini ML, Mikami Y, Nishimura K, MedlineThe internal transcribed spacers and 5.8S rRNA gene show extensive diversity among isolates of the Cryptococcus neoformans species complex.FEMS Yeast Res.2004;4:377–88. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  18. Meidinger D, Pojar J. Ecosystems of British Columbia. Special report series no. 6. Victoria (BC): Ministry of Forests; 1991.
  19. Franklin JF, Dyrness CT. Natural vegetation of Oregon and Washington. General technical report, no. PNW-8. Portland (OR): Department of Agriculture and Forest Services; 1973.
  20. Duncan C. The emergence of Cryptococcus gattii in British Columbia: veterinary aspects. [MSc dissertation]. Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada: University of Saskatoon; June 2005.
  21. O'Brien CR, Krockenberger MB, Wigney DI, Martin P, Malik R. MedlineRetrospective study of feline and canine cryptococcosis in Australia from 1981 to 2001: 195 cases.Med Mycol. 2004;42:449–60. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar
  22. Lin X, Hull CM, Heitman J. MedlineSexual reproduction between partners of the same mating type in Cryptococcus neoformans.Nature. 2005;434:1017–21. DOIPubMedGoogle Scholar

Main Article

Page created: June 28, 2010
Page updated: June 28, 2010
Page reviewed: June 28, 2010
The conclusions, findings, and opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the official position of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, the Public Health Service, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the authors' affiliated institutions. Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by any of the groups named above.
file_external