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    Agriculture 2

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    Jomar Casol
    The document discusses agriculture and the development of farming techniques and machinery over time. It begins by defining agriculture and its key products. It then outlines the transition to farming from hunting and gathering, the domestication of plants and animals, and the rise of early civilizations supported by agriculture. The document also describes improvements in technology, from early tools to irrigation systems and crop rotation methods. It discusses the introduction of machinery like seed drills, cotton gins, reapers and threshers that modernized farming in the 18th-19th centuries. Selective breeding of animals and plants is also summarized. The document concludes by noting that most of the world was still using traditional agriculture until recently.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Agriculture 2

    Uploaded by

    Jomar Casol
    28 views30 pages
    The document discusses agriculture and the development of farming techniques and machinery over time. It begins by defining agriculture and its key products. It then outlines the transition to farming from hunting and gathering, the domestication of plants and animals, and the rise of early civilizations supported by agriculture. The document also describes improvements in technology, from early tools to irrigation systems and crop rotation methods. It discusses the introduction of machinery like seed drills, cotton gins, reapers and threshers that modernized farming in the 18th-19th centuries. Selective breeding of animals and plants is also summarized. The document concludes by noting that most of the world was still using traditional agriculture until recently.

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    agriculture-2

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    The document discusses agriculture and the development of farming techniques and machinery over time. It begins by defining agriculture and its key products. It then outlines the transition to farming from hunting and gathering, the domestication of plants and animals, and the rise of early civilizations supported by agriculture. The document also describes improvements in technology, from early tools to irrigation systems and crop rotation methods. It discusses the introduction of machinery like seed drills, cotton gins, reapers and threshers that modernized farming in the 18th-19th centuries. Selective breeding of animals and plants is also summarized. The document concludes by noting that most of the world was still using traditional agriculture until recently.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    28 views30 pages

    Agriculture 2

    Uploaded by

    Jomar Casol
    The document discusses agriculture and the development of farming techniques and machinery over time. It begins by defining agriculture and its key products. It then outlines the transition to farming from hunting and gathering, the domestication of plants and animals, and the rise of early civilizations supported by agriculture. The document also describes improvements in technology, from early tools to irrigation systems and crop rotation methods. It discusses the introduction of machinery like seed drills, cotton gins, reapers and threshers that modernized farming in the 18th-19th centuries. Selective breeding of animals and plants is also summarized. The document concludes by noting that most of the world was still using traditional agriculture until recently.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 30

    AGRICULTURE

    Objectives:

    • Define Agriculture
    • Analyze the different types of machinery
    AGRICULTURE
    • Agriculture is the art and science of cultivating the soil, growing crops
    and raising livestock. It includes the preparation of plant and animal
    products for people to use and their distribution to markets.

    Agriculture provides most of the world’s food and fabrics. Cotton, wood,
    and leather are all agricultural products. Agriculture also provides wood
    for construction and paper products.

    These products, as well as the agricultural methods used, may vary from
    one part of the world to another.
    Start of Agriculture
    • Over centuries, the growth of agriculture contributed to the rise of civilizations.

    Before agriculture became widespread, people spent most of their lives searching for food—hunting
    wild animals and gathering wild plants. About 11,500 years ago, people gradually learned how to
    grow cereal and root crops, and settled down to a life based on farming.

    By 2,000 years ago, much of the Earth’s population had become dependent on agriculture. Scholars
    are not sure why this shift to farming took place, but it may have occurred because of climate
    change.

    When people began growing crops, they also began herding and breeding wild animals. Adapting
    wild plants and animals for people to use is called domestication.

    The first domesticated plant was probably rice or corn. Chinese farmers were cultivating rice as
    early as 7500 BCE.
    Start of Agriculture

    • The first domesticated plant was probably rice or corn. Chinese


    farmers were cultivating rice as early as 7500 BCE.

    The first domesticated animals were dogs, which were used for
    hunting. Sheep and goats were probably domesticated next. People
    also domesticated cattle and pigs. Most of these animals had once
    been hunted for hides and meat. Now many of them are also sources
    of milk, cheese, and butter. Eventually, people used domesticated
    animals such as oxen for plowing, pulling, and transportation.
    Start of Agriculture
    • Agriculture enabled people to produce surplus food. They could use
    this extra food when crops failed or trade it for other goods. Food
    surpluses allowed people to work at other tasks unrelated to farming.
    • Agriculture kept formerly nomadic people near their fields and led to
    the development of permanent villages. These became linked through
    trade. New economies were so successful in some areas that cities grew
    and civilizations developed. The earliest civilizations based on
    intensive agriculture arose near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in
    Mesopotamia (now Iraq and Iran) and along the Nile River in Egypt.
    Improved Technology

    • For thousands of years, agricultural development was very slow. One


    of the earliest agricultural tools was fire. Native Americans used fire
    to control the growth of berry-producing plants, which they knew
    grew quickly after a wildfire. Farmers cultivated small plots of land
    by hand, using axes to clear away trees and digging sticks to break
    up and till the soil. Over time, improved farming tools of bone,
    stone, bronze, and iron were developed. New methods of storage
    evolved. People began stockpiling foods in jars and clay-lined pits
    for use in times of scarcity. They also began making clay pots and
    other vessels for carrying and cooking food.
    Improved Technology

    • Around 5500 BCE, farmers in Mesopotamia developed


    simple irrigation systems. By channeling water from streams
    onto their fields, farmers were able to settle in areas once
    thought to be unsuited to agriculture. In Mesopotamia, and later
    in Egypt and China, people organized themselves and worked
    together to build and maintain better irrigation systems.
    Improved Technology

    • Early farmers also developed improved varieties of


    plants. For example, around 6000 BCE, a new
    variety of wheat arose in South Asia and Egypt. It
    was stronger than previous cereal grains; its hulls
    were easier to remove and it could be made into
    bread.
    Improved Technology

    • As the Romans expanded their empire, they adapted


    the best agricultural methods of the people they
    conquered. They wrote manuals about the farming
    techniques they observed in Africa and Asia, and
    adapted them to land in Europe.
    Improved Technology

    • The Chinese also adapted farming tools and methods


    from nearby empires. A variety of rice from Vietnam
    ripened quickly and allowed farmers to harvest several
    crops during a single growing season. This rice quickly
    became popular throughout China.
    Improved Technology

    • Many medieval European farmers used an


    open-field system of planting. One field would
    be planted in spring, another in autumn, and
    one would be left unplanted, or fallow. This
    system preserved nutrients in the soil,
    increasing crop production.
    Improved Technology

    • The leaders of the Islamic Golden Age (which reached its height
    around 1000) in North Africa and the Middle East made agriculture
    into a science. Islamic Golden Age farmers learned crop rotation.

    • In the 15th and 16th centuries, explorers introduced new varieties of


    plants and agricultural products into Europe. From Asia, they carried
    home coffee, tea, and indigo, a plant used to make blue dye. From the
    Americas, they took plants such as potatoes, tomatoes, corn (maize),
    beans, peanuts, and tobacco. Some of these became staples and
    expanded people’s diets.
    Machinery

    • One of the most important of these developments


    was an improved horse-drawn seed drill invented
    by Jethro Tull in England. Until that time, farmers
    sowed seeds by hand. Tull’s drill made rows of
    holes for the seeds. By the end of the 18th century,
    seed drilling was widely practiced in Europe.
    Machinery
    • Many machines were developed in the United States. The cotton gin,
    invented by Eli Whitney in 1794, reduced the time needed to separate
    cotton fiber from seed. In the 1830s, Cyrus McCormick’s mechanical
    reaper helped modernize the grain-cutting process. At about the same
    time, John and Hiram Pitts introduced a horse-powered thresher that
    shortened the process of separating grain and seed from chaff and straw.
    John Deere’s steel plow, introduced in 1837, made it possible to work the
    tough prairie soil with much less horsepower. Along with new machines,
    there were several important advances in farming methods. By
    selectively breeding animals (breeding those with desirable traits),
    farmers increased the size and productivity of their livestock.
    Machinery
    • Cultures have been breeding animals for centuries—
    evidence suggests Mongolian nomads were selectively
    breeding horses in the Bronze Age. Europeans began to
    practice selective breeding on a large scale beginning in
    the 18th century. An early example of this is the
    Leicester sheep, an animal selectively bred in England
    for its quality meat and long, coarse wool.
    Machinery
    • Plants could also be selectively bred for certain
    qualities. In 1866, Gregor Mendel’s studies in
    heredity were published in Austria. In experiments
    with pea plants, Mendel learned how traits were
    passed from one generation to the next. His work
    paved the way for improving crops through genetics.
    Machinery
    • New crop rotation methods also evolved during this time. Many of these
    were adopted over the next century or so throughout Europe. For example,
    the Norfolk four-field system, developed in England, proved quite
    successful. It involved the yearly rotation of several crops, including wheat,
    turnips, barley, clover, and ryegrass. This added nutrients to the soil,
    enabling farmers to grow enough to sell some of their harvest without
    having to leave any land unplanted.

    Most of the world was not affected by these developments, however.


    Farmers in Asia, Australia, Africa, and South America continued to use old
    ways of agriculture.
    What are the harvesting machines in the
    Philippines?

    1.Rice Harvester
    2.Sugarcane Harvester
    3.Corn Harvester
    4.Cassava Harvester
    5.Multi-Crop Harvester
    • From rice, sugarcane, corn, and cassava—agricultural
    farms in the country are growing different types of
    crops for their livelihood. The use of a mechanized
    harvester in the Philippines can help save time,
    making it possible for earlier crop establishment, which
    can improve higher yields during the next planting.
    Rice Harvester

    • As one of the staple foods for Filipinos, rice is one of the most important crops in the
    country. From climate conditions, growing population, limited land area, and more—
    there are plenty of constraints in the production process which means that having the
    right machinery for harvesting can help make work more efficient. It can significantly
    reduce labor, increase harvesting capacity, and more.
    • By using a rice harvester, farms can reduce grain loss associated with manual
    harvesting methods which can improve their yield, thereby increasing income.
    Depending on the size of the machinery, it could handle hectares of land per day with
    fewer people, which makes it a worthy investment in the long run.
    • Some rice harvesters are capable of numerous functions, such as gathering, threshing,
    separating, cleaning, and transport materials. Because of this, it is considered a
    ‘factory on wheels’ by farmers.
    Rice Harvester
    Sugarcane Harvester

    • The Philippines produces million metric tons of sugarcane. It is used to make sugar,
    ethanol, muscovado, and vinegar. Because of this, it is one of the essential crops in the
    country. But manual harvesting of sugarcane is tiring and laborious for farmers. The
    stalks are cut by hand with knives, which can cause muscle and joint injuries.
    • Sugarcane harvesters can help ease the physical impact of manual harvesting on farmers.
    It lessens the need for frequent breaks because fatigue is avoided. The machine is driven
    from inside the cab like a tractor and the attachments are used to cut the stalks at the
    base, clean the sugarcane, and chop it into billets. By using a sugarcane harvester,
    farmers can prepare high amounts of the crop in less time.
    Sugarcane Harvester
    Corn Harvester
    • A high percentage of farm households in the Philippines depend on corn as their
    main source of livelihood. Other than the crop itself, it is processed into other
    essential products such as cornstarch, corn syrup, corn oil, and corn snacks.
    • One of the machines that can be helpful in increasing corn production is a
    harvester. It is a machine specifically designed for harvesting and preparing
    corn for storage. Like other farm machinery, this is driven by an operator. The
    main attachment used to harvest the corn is located at the side of the cab, so the
    operator has ample visibility of the field they’re working on.
    • A corn harvester allows farmers to achieve multiple sacks per hour while
    lessening grain losses. Depending on the model, there are also different features
    available—such as grain tank with auto-discharge, two-rows, and more.
    Corn Harvester
    Cassava Harvester

    • Along with rice and corn,


    cassava is one of the important sources of calories in the country. It is planted in
    an estimated 120,000 hectares of agricultural land in the Philippines. It is turned into
    dried chips, suman, sago, and bibingka. As the demand for the crop is increasing,
    farmers need to rely on mechanical harvesting methods more than ever.
    • Harvesting is one of the most difficult parts of cassava production because the crop
    can deteriorate quickly. This means that it needs to be harvested at the right time and
    with the right methods.
    • The use of a cassava harvester can help farmers achieve more yields and gain more
    income. The equipment can dig out the cassava roots, which can reduce the heavy
    physical work involved in manual harvesting. Because it can uproot one plant easily,
    farmers can cover a hectare of land within hours.
    Cassava Harvester
    Multi-Crop Harvester

    • A multi-crop harvester is beneficial for farms that plant more than


    one crop. It comes in a variety of sizes, which makes it suitable for
    both small and large land areas. Farmers can harvest up to 10
    hectares on an 8-hour shift while reducing total grain losses, which
    makes it the most efficient way to gain more income.
    • Depending on the model of the harvesting machine, it can be used
    for rice, corn, and more. Some models have interchangeable heads
    which makes harvesting of different crops convenient. Compared to
    manual harvesting methods, it can improve the quality of the crop
    harvested too.
    Multi-Crop Harvester

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