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Sql/Mysql

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Sandeep Bhardwaj
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37 views

Sql/Mysql

Uploaded by

Sandeep Bhardwaj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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SQL/MYSQL

SQL
SQL stands for Structured Query Language. It is used for storing and managing data in relational
database management system (RDMS).
It is a standard language for Relational Database System. It enables a user to create, read,
update and delete relational databases and tables.
All the RDBMS like MySQL, Informix, Oracle, MS Access and SQL Server use SQL as their standard
database language.
SQL allows users to query the database in a number of ways, using English-like statements.
Characteristics of SQL

1. SQL is easy to learn.


2. SQL is used to access data from relational database management systems.
3. SQL can execute queries against the database.
4. SQL is used to describe the data.
5. SQL is used to define the data in the database and manipulate it when needed.
6. SQL is used to create and drop the database and table.
7. SQL is used to create a view, stored procedure, function in a database.
8. SQL allows users to set permissions on tables, procedures, and views.
SQL Commands

SQL commands are instructions. It is used to communicate with the database. It is also used to
perform specific tasks, functions, and queries of data.
SQL can perform various tasks like create a table, add data to tables, drop the table, modify the
table, set permission for users.
Types of SQL Commands
There are five types of SQL commands: DDL, DML, DCL, TCL, and DQL.
1. Data Definition Language (DDL)

DDL changes the structure of the table like creating a table, deleting a table, altering a table, etc.
All the command of DDL are auto-committed that means it permanently save all the changes in
the database.
Here are some commands that come under DDL:
 CREATE
 ALTER
 DROP
 TRUNCATE
DDL
a. CREATE It is used to create a new table in the database.
Syntax:
CREATE TABLE TABLE_NAME (COLUMN_NAME DATATYPES[,....]);  
b. DROP: It is used to delete both the structure and record stored in the table.
Syntax
DROP TABLE table_name;  
c. ALTER: It is used to alter the structure of the database. This change could be either to modify the
characteristics of an existing attribute or probably to add a new attribute.
Syntax:
To add a new column in the table
ALTER TABLE table_name ADD column_name COLUMN-definition;  
2. Data Manipulation Language
(DML)

DML commands are used to modify the database. It is responsible for all form of changes in the
database.
The command of DML is not auto-committed that means it can't permanently save all the
changes in the database. They can be rollback.
Here are some commands that come under DML:
 INSERT
 UPDATE
 DELETE
DML
a. INSERT: The INSERT statement is a SQL query. It is used to insert data into the row of a table.
Syntax:
INSERT INTO TABLE_NAME    
(col1, col2, col3,.... col N)  
VALUES (value1, value2, value3, .... valueN);  
b. UPDATE: This command is used to update or modify the value of a column in the table.
Syntax:
UPDATE table_name SET [column_name1= value1,...column_nameN = valueN] [WHERE CONDITION]   
For example:
UPDATE students    
SET User_Name = 'Sagar'    
WHERE Student_Id = '3'  
DML
c. DELETE: It is used to remove one or more row from a table.
Syntax:
DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE condition]; 
For example:
DELETE FROM Sunny  
WHERE Author="Sonu"; 
3. Data Control Language

DCL commands are used to grant and take back authority from any database user.
Here are some commands that come under DCL:
Grant
Revoke
a. Grant: It is used to give user access privileges to a database.
Example
GRANT SELECT, UPDATE ON MY_TABLE TO SOME_USER, ANOTHER_USER;  
b. Revoke: It is used to take back permissions from the user.
Example
REVOKE SELECT, UPDATE ON MY_TABLE FROM USER1, USER2;  
4. Transaction Control Language

TCL commands can only use with DML commands like INSERT, DELETE and UPDATE only.
These operations are automatically committed in the database that's why they cannot be used
while creating tables or dropping them.
Here are some commands that come under TCL:
•COMMIT
•ROLLBACK
•SAVEPOINT
TCL
a. Commit: Commit command is used to save all the transactions to the database.
Syntax:
COMMIT;  
Example:
DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS  
WHERE AGE = 25;  
COMMIT;  
TCL
b. Rollback: Rollback command is used to undo transactions that have not already been saved to
the database.
Syntax:
ROLLBACK;  
Example:
DELETE FROM CUSTOMERS  
WHERE AGE = 25;  
ROLLBACK;  
SQL Update Statement

The SQL UPDATE statement is used to modify the data that is already in the database. The
condition in the WHERE clause decides that which row is to be updated.
Syntax
UPDATE table_name  
SET column1 = value1, column2 = value2, ...  
WHERE condition;  

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