Overview of Java Programming

 Java is an object-oriented programming

language
 The Java programming language was created by
Sun Microsystems, Inc.
 It was introduced in 1995 and it's popularity has
grown quickly
Chapter 0  Its primary feature is that it could function nicely
in a networked environment.
Overview of Java Programming  The explosion of WWW created an environment
in which the language could live.
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Overview of Java Programming… Characteristics of Java

 Java technology can be seen as both a language  Java Is Simple
and a platform.  Java Is Object-Oriented
 Using it you can write applications that can run  Java Is Distributed
on practically any device, including a PC, PDA, a  Java Is Interpreted
cellular phone or a television.  Java Is Robust
 Java Is Secure
 The Java platform is formed from two
 Java Is Architecture-Neutral
components:
◦ The Java application programming interface (Java API)
 Java Is Portable
 Set if libraries that are used to accomplish tasks such as creating  Java's Performance
GUIs, performing file I/O and establishing network comm.
 Java Is Multithreaded
◦ The Java Virtual Machine (JVM)
 Is in charge of executing your code in a specific environment.
 Java Is Dynamic

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 Java Program Structure Java Program Structure …
 In the Java programming language: // comments about the class
public class MyProgram
◦ A program is made up of one or more classes {
◦ A class contains one or more methods // comments about the method

◦ A method contains program statements public static void main (String[] args)
{
 These terms will be explored in detail throughout method body
method header

the course }

 A Java application always contains a method called }

main
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Development Environments The Compiler and the Java Virtual Machine

 There are many tools to do java programming, to the  A programmer writes Java programming statements
very least you need to have: for a program called source code
◦ Java Development Kit (JDK Recent version)
◦ Text editor such as Microsoft Notepad ◦ A text editor is used to edit and save a Java source code file.
 Integrated Development Environment IDE for Java ◦ Source code files have a .java file extension.
◦ NetBeans (from Sun/Oracle)  A compiler is a program that translates source code
◦ Eclipse (from IBM) into an executable form.
◦ Borland JBuilder
◦ A compiler is run using a source code file as input.
◦ BlueJ
◦ JCreator ◦ Syntax errors caught during compilation if exist.
◦ DrJ ◦ Syntax errors are mistakes that violate the rules of the
◦ IntelliJ programming language.
◦ Android Studio and others ◦ Compiler creates another file that holds the translated
instructions and it is called byte code.
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 The Compiler and the Java Virtual Machine… The Compiler and the Java Virtual Machine…
 A program written in a high-level language like java is  Most compilers translate source code into
called a source program. executable files containing machine code.
 Since a computer cannot understand a source program, a  The Java compiler translates a Java source file into a
program called a compiler is used to translate the
file that contains byte code instructions.
◦ Byte code files end with the .class file extension.
source program into a machine language program called
 Byte code instructions are the machine language of
an object program.
the Java Virtual Machine (JVM) and cannot be directly
 The object program is often then linked with other executed by the CPU.
supporting library code before the object can be executed ◦ The JVM is a program that emulates a micro-processor.
on the machine. ◦ The JVM executes instructions as they are read.
◦ JVM is often called an interpreter.
 Therefore, Java is both compiled and interpreted
Source File Compiler Object File Linker Excutable File
language.
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Compiling Java Source Code Program Development Process

 With Java, you write the program once, and compile the
source program into a special type of object code, known Saves Java statements
Text editor Source code
as bytecode. (.java)
 The bytecode can then run on any computer with a Java
Virtual Machine, as shown below.
 Java Virtual Machine is a software that interprets Java Produces Byte code
Java compiler (.class)
bytecode Java Bytecode

Java Virtual
Machine

Any
Computer
Java Results in Program
Virtual Execution
Machine

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 Multiple Compilers Java Interpreter
 Because different operating systems (Windows, Macs,  Java is a little different.
Unix) require different machine code, you must  Java compiler produces bytecode not machine code.
compile most programming languages separately for  Bytecode can be run on any computer with the Java
each platform. interpreter installed.
program

compiler compiler

compiler

Unix
Win
MAC

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Your First Java Program Compiling and Running Your First Program
 Open your text-editor and type the following piece of Java  Open the command prompt in Windows
code exactly:  To run the program that you just wrote, type at the
command prompt:
class HelloWorld { cd c:\java
public static void main(String[] args)  Your command prompt should now look like this:
{ c:\java>
 To compile the program that you wrote, you need to run the Java
System.out.println("Hello World!"); Development Tool Kit Compiler as follows:
} At the command prompt type:
c:\java> javac HelloWorld.java
}  You have now created your first compiled Java program named
HelloWorld.class
 To run your first program, type the following at the command
 Save this file as HelloWorld.java (watch capitalization) in the prompt:
c:\java>java HelloWorld
following directory:
Although the file name includes the .class extension , this part of the name must be left off
 c:\java when running the program with the Java interpreter.

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 Creating, Compiling, and Running Programs Types of Java Program
Create/Modify Source Code
 All Java programs can be classified as
Source code (developed by the programmer)
Applications and Applets.
Saved on the disk

Java applications are large programs that run

public class Welcome {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Welcome to Java!"); Source Code 
}

stand-alone, with the support of a virtual machine.

}

Compile Source Code

Byte code (generated by the compiler for JVM i.e., javac Welcome.java
to read and interpret, not for you to understand)
…
Method Welcome() If compilation errors
0 aload_0

Applet is a relatively small Java program executed

stored on the disk
…
Bytecode

Method void main(java.lang.String[])
0 getstatic #2 …
3 ldc #3 <String "Welcome to
Java!">
by web browser (inside an appletviewer).
5 invokevirtual #4 …

Applets are great for creating dynamic and

8 return Run Byteode
i.e., java Welcome


Result
interactive web applications
If runtime errors or incorrect result

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Types of Java Program… Types of Java Program…

 Applets on client-side and servlets on server-side  Advantages of Applets :
makes Java a truly "Internet-based language".  Execution of applets is easy in a Web browser and
 To execute applets, the browsers come with JRE does not require any installation or deployment
(Java Runtime Environment). procedure in real-time programming (where as
servlets require).
 The browsers with Java Runtime Environment (or
 Writing and displaying (just opening in a browser)
to say, JVM) loaded are known as Java enabled
graphics and animations is easier than
browsers. applications.
 Note: Browser do not have a Java compiler as a  In GUI development, constructor, size of frame,
compiled applet file (.class file) is given to window closing code etc. are not required (but
browser to execute. are required in applications).
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 Types of Java Program… Basics in Java Programming
 Short Review
◦ All Java programs must be stored in a file with a .java
file extension.

◦ Comments are ignored by the compiler.

◦ A .java file may contain many classes but may only have
one public class.

◦ If a .java file has a public class, the class must have the
same name as the file.

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Basics in Java Programming… Java Identifiers

 Short Review • All java components requires names
• Names used for classes,Variables and methods
◦ Java applications must have a main method.
are called identifiers.
◦ For every left brace, or opening brace, there must be a
corresponding right brace, or closing brace.
 What is a Variable?
◦ Every java statements are terminated with semicolons. ◦ Variables are places where information can be stored
while a program is running.
◦ Comments, class headers, method headers, and braces
◦ Their values can be changed at any point over the
are not considered as Java statements. course of a program.
 Don’t need semicolons

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 Creating Variables Creating Variables…
 To create a variable, declare its name and the  Now you have the variable (highScore), you will
type of information that it will store. want to assign a value to it.
 The type is listed first, followed by the name.
 Example: the highest score in the class exam is
 Example: a variable that stores an integer 98.
representing the highest score on an exam could
be declared as follows: highScore = 98;

int highScore ;  Examples of other types of variables:

String studentName;
type name boolean gameOver;
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Naming Variables Naming Variables…

 The name that you choose for a variable is called an  Java is a case-sensitive language – the
identifier.
 In Java, an identifier can be of any length, but must capitalization of letters in identifiers matters.
start with:
A rose is not a Rose is not a ROSE
a letter (a – z, A-Z),
a dollar sign ($),
or, an underscore ( _ ).  It is good practice to select variable names that
 The rest of the identifier can include any character give a good indication of the sort of data they
except those used as operators in Java such as + , - , hold
*.
 In addition, there are certain keywords reserved ◦ For example, if you want to record the size of a hat,
(e.g., "class") in the Java language which can never be hatSize is a good choice for a name where as qqq
used as identifiers. would be a bad choice
 see Reserved words
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 Naming Variables… POP QUIZ
 When naming a variable, the following  Which of the following are valid variable names?
convention is commonly used:
1)$amount
◦ The first letter of a variable name is lowercase
2)6tally
◦ Each successive word in the variable name begins
with a capital letter 3)my*Name
◦ All other letters are lowercase 4)salary
 Here are some examples: 5)_score
6)first Name
pageCount 7)total#
loadFile
anyString
threeWordVariable
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Java Statements Variables and Statements

 A statement is a command that causes  One way is to declare a variable and then
something to happen. assign a value to it with two statements:
int e; // declaring a variable
 All statements in Java are separated by
e = 5; // assigning a value to a variable
semicolons ;

 Example:  Another way is to write a single initialization

System.out.println(“Hello,World”); statement:
 You have already used statements to create a int e = 5; // declaring AND assigning

variable and assign it a value.

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 Java is a Strongly-Typed Language Primitive Data Types
 All variables must be declared with a data type before  There are eight built-in (primitive) data types in
they are used. the Java language

 Each variable's declared type does not change over ◦ 4 integer types (byte, short, int, long)
the course of the program. ◦ 2 floating point types (float, double)
◦ Boolean (boolean)
 Certain operations are only allowed with certain data ◦ Character (char)
types.
**see Appendix II: Summary of Primitive Data Types for a
 If you try to perform an operation on an illegal data complete table of sizes and formats**
type (like multiplying Strings), the compiler will report  Appendix II: Primitive Data Types
an error.

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Integer Data Types Integer Data Types…

 There are four data types that can be used to  Here are some examples of when you would
store integers. want to use integer types:

 The one you choose to use depends on the size - byte smallValue;
of the number that we want to store. smallValue = -55;
Data Type Value Range - int pageCount = 1250;
byte -128 to +127 - long bigValue = 1823337144562L;
short -32768 to +32767
int -2147483648 to +2147483647 Note: By adding an L to the end of the value in the last
long -9223372036854775808 to +9223372036854775807 example, the program is “forced” to consider the
value to be of a type long even if it was small
 In this course, we will always use int when enough to be an int
dealing with integers.
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 Floating Point Data Types Floating Point Data Types…
 There are two data types that can be used to  Here are some examples of when you would
store decimal values (real numbers).
want to use floating point types:
 The one you choose to use depends on the size
of the number that we want to store. ◦ double g = 7.7e100 ;
Data Type Value Range ◦ double tinyNumber = 5.82e-203;
float 1.4×10-45 to 3.4×1038 ◦ float costOfBook = 49.99F;
double 4.9×10-324 to 1.7×10308

 Note: In the last example we added an F to the

 In this course, we will always use double when end of the value. Without the F, it would have
dealing with decimal values. automatically been considered a double instead.

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Boolean Data Type Character Data Types

 Boolean is a data type that can be used in  Character is a data type that can be used to store
situations where there are two options, either a single characters such as a letter, number,
true or false. punctuation mark, or other symbol.

 Example:  Example:
boolean monsterHungry = true; ◦ char firstLetterOfName = 'e' ;
boolean fileOpen = false; ◦ char myQuestion = '?' ;

 Note that you need to use singular quotation

marks when assigning char data types.
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 Introduction to Strings POP QUIZ
 Strings consist of a series of characters inside  What data types would you use to store the
double quotation marks. following types of information?
 Examples statements assign String variables:
String coAuthor = "John Smith"; 1)Population of Ethiopia int
String password = "swordfish786"; 2)Approximation of π double
3)Open/closed status of a file boolean
 Strings are not one of the primitive data types,
although they are very commonly used. 4)Your name String
5)First letter of your name char
 Strings are constant; their values cannot be 6)$237.66 double
changed after they are created.

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Operators The Operator Groups

 What are Operators?  There are 5 different groups of operators:
◦ Operators are special symbols used for:
 mathematical functions ◦ Arithmetic operators
 assignment statements
◦ Assignment operator
 logical comparisons
• Examples: ◦ Increment/Decrement operators
3 + 5 // uses + operator
14 + 5 – 4 * (5 – 3) // uses +, -, *
◦ Relational operators
operators
◦ Conditional operators
 Expressions can be combinations of variables,
primitives and operators that result in a value

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 Arithmetic Operators Order of Operations
 Java has 6 basic arithmetic operators  Example: 10 + 15 / 5;
+ add
- subtract  The result is different depending on whether the
* multiply addition or division is performed first
/ divide
(10 + 15) / 5 = 5
% modulo (remainder)
10 + (15 / 5) = 13
^ exponent (to the power of)

Without parentheses, Java will choose the second

 Order of operations (or precedence) when evaluating an case
expression is the same as you learned in school
(PEMDAS).  Note: you should be explicit and use parentheses
to avoid confusion

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Integer Division Integer Division…

 In the previous example, we were lucky that  Example
(10 + 15) / 5 gives an exact integer answer (5).  int i = 63;
int j = 35;
System.out.println(i / j);
 But what if we divide 63 by 35? Output: 1

 double x = 63;
 Depending on the data types of the variables that
double y = 35;
store the numbers, we will get different results. System.out.println(x / y);
Ouput: 1.8
 The result of integer division is just the integer part of the
quotient!
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 Assignment Operator Increment/Decrement Operators
 The basic assignment operator (=) assigns the count = count + 1;
value of var to expr can be written as:
var = expr ; ++count; or count++;

 Java allows you to combine arithmetic and ++ is called the increment operator.
assignment operators into a single operator.
 Examples: count = count - 1;
can be written as:
x = x + 5; is equivalent to x += 5; --count; or count--;
y = y * 7; is equivalent to y *= 7;
-- is called the decrement operator.
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The increment/decrement operator has two forms: Relational (Comparison) Operators

◦ The prefix form ++count, --count
first adds 1 to the variable and then continues to any other operator  Relational operators compare two values
in the expression
 Produces a boolean value (true or false)
int numOranges = 5;
int numApples = 10; depending on the relationship
int numFruit;
numFruit = ++numOranges + numApples;
numFruit has value 16 operation is true when . . .
numOranges has value 6
a > b a is greater than b
◦ The postfix form count++, count-- a >= b a is greater than or equal to b
first evaluates the expression and then adds 1 to the variable
int numOranges = 5; a == b a is equal to b
int numApples = 10; a != b a is not equal to b
int numFruit;
numFruit = numOranges++ + numApples; a <= b a is less than or equal to b
numFruit has value 15
numOranges has value 6 a < b a is less than b
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 Examples of Relational Operations Conditional Operators
int x = 3; Symbol Name
int y = 5;
boolean result; && AND
1) result = (x > y); || OR
now result is assigned the value false because
3 is not greater than 5 ! NOT
2) result = (15 == x*y);
now result is assigned the value true because the product of  Conditional operators can be referred to as boolean
3 and 5 equals 15 operators, because they are only used to combine
3) result = (x != x*y); expressions that have a value of true or false.
now result is assigned the value true because the product of
x and y (15) is not equal to x (3)

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Truth Table for Conditional Operators Examples of Conditional Operators

boolean x = true;
boolean y = false;
boolean result;

1. Let result = (x && y);

now result is assigned the value false

(see truth table!)
2. Let result = ((x || y) && x);
(x || y) evaluates to true
(true && x) evaluates to true
now result is assigned the value true

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 Using && and || Short-Circuit Evaluations
 Examples: (a && (b++ > 3))
(a && (b++ > 3)) What happens if a is false?
(x || y)
 Java will not evaluate the right-hand expression (b++ >
3) if the left-hand operator a is false, since the result
 Java will evaluate these expressions from left to is already determined in this case to be false. This
means b will not be incremented!
right and so will evaluate
a before (b++ > 3)
(x || y)
x before y
What happens if x is true?
 Java performs short-circuit evaluation:  Similarly, Java will not evaluate the right-hand operator y if
it evaluates && and || expressions from left to the left-hand operator x is true, since the result is
already determined in this case to be true.
right and once it finds the result, it stops.
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POP QUIZ References

1) What is the value of number?
int number = 5 * 3 – 3 / 6 – 9 * 3;  Summary of Java operators
-12
http://java.sun.com/docs/books/tutorial/java/nutsandbolts/opsummary.
2) What is the value of result? html
int x = 8;
int y = 2;
boolean result = (15 == x * y); false

 Order of Operations (PEMDAS)

3) What is the value of result?
boolean x = 7; 1. Parentheses
boolean result = (x < 8) && (x > 4); true
2. Exponents
4) What is the value of numCars? 3. Multiplication and Division from left to right
int numBlueCars = 5;
int numGreenCars = 10; 4. Addition and Subtraction from left to right
int numCars = numGreenCars++ + numBlueCars + 27
++numGreeenCars;

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 Appendix I: Reserved Words Appendix II: Primitive Data Types
 The following keywords are reserved in the Java  The following tables show all of the primitive data
language. types along with their sizes and formats:
 They can never be used as identifiers:  Integers
abstract assert boolean break byte Data Type Description
case catch char class const byte Variables of this kind can have a value from:
continue default do double else -128 to +127 and occupy 8 bits in memory
extends final finally float for short Variables of this kind can have a value from:
goto if implements import instanceof -32768 to +32767 and occupy 16 bits in memory
int interface long native new int Variables of this kind can have a value from:
-2147483648 to +2147483647 and occupy 32 bits in
package private protected public return
memory
short static strictfp super switch
long Variables of this kind can have a value from:
synchronized this throw throws transient
-9223372036854775808 to +9223372036854775807 and
try void violate while occupy 64 bits in memory
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Appendix II: Primitive Data Types… Arrays

 Real Numbers  A way to organize data
Data Type Description
float Variables of this kind can have a value from:
1.4e(-45) to 3.4e(+38)
double Variables of this kind can have a value from:
4.9e(-324) to 1.7e(+308)

 Other Primitive Data Types

char Variables of this kind can have a value from:
A single character
boolean Variables of this kind can have a value from:
True or False

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 What are Arrays? Array Visualization
 An array is a series of compartments to store
Specifies an array of
data. variables of type int
We are creating
a new array object
 Each compartment is appropriately sized for the
particular data type the array is declared to store. int[] primes = new int[10]; // An array of 10 integers

 An array is a collection of data values of the same

The array object is of
type. The name of
the array type int
and has ten elements index values

 An array can hold only one type of data!

primes[0] primes[1] primes[2] primes[3] primes[4] primes[9]
E.g. int[] can hold only integers
char[] can hold only characters
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Declaring an Array Variable Creating a New "Empty" Array

 Array declarations use square brackets. Use this syntax: new int[20]
datatype[] variable_name;  The new keyword creates an array of type int
that has 20 compartments
 For example:  The new array can then be assigned to an array
variable:
int[] prices;
int[] prices = new int[20];
String[] names;
 When first created as above, the items in the
array are initialized to the zero value of the
datatype
int: 0 double: 0.0 String: null

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 Array Indexes Accessing Array Elements
 Every compartment in an array is assigned an  To access an item in an array, type the name of
integer reference number. the array followed by the item’s index in square
brackets.
 This number is called the index of the
compartment  For example, the expression:
names[0];
 Important: In Java (and most other languages), the
will return the first element in the names array
index starts from 0 and ends at n-1, where n is the
size of the array

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Filling an Array Constructing Arrays

 Assign values to compartments:  To construct an array, you can declare a
new empty array and then assign values to
prices[0] = 6.75;
each of the compartments:
prices[1] = 80.43; String[] names = new String[5];
prices[2] = 10.02; names[0] = "David";
names[1] = "Qian";
names[2] = "Emina";
names[3] = "Jamal";
names[4] = "Ashenafi";

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 Another Way to Construct Arrays Length of array
 You can also specify all of the items in an array at String[] names = {
its creation. "David", "Qian", "Emina",
"Jamal", "Ashenafi" };
 Use curly brackets to surround the array’s data int numberOfNames = names.length;
and separate the values with commas: System.out.println(numberOfNames);
String[] names = { "David", "Qian",
"Emina", "Jamal", "Ashenafi"};
Output: 5
 Note that all the items must be of the same type.
Here they are of type String.
 Important:Arrays are always of the same size:
 Another example: their lengths cannot be changed once they are
int[] powers = {0, 1, 10, 100}; created!
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Example Modifying Array Elements

String[] names = {
"Aisha", "Tamara", "Gikandi", "Ato", "Lauri"};
 Example:
names[0] = “Bekele"
for(int i = 0; i < names.length; i++){
System.out.println("Hello " + names[i] + ".");
}
 Now the first name in names[] has been
changed from "Aisha" to "Bekele".
Output:
 So the expression names[0] now evaluates to
Hello Aisha.
Hello Tamara. "Bekele".
Hello Gikandi.
Hello Ato.  Note: The values of compartments can change,
Hello Lauri.
but no new compartments may be added.
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 Example Exercise 1
int[] fibs = new int[10];  Which of the following sequences of statements
fibs[0] = 1; does not create a new array?
fibs[1] = 1;
for(int i = 2; i < fibs.length; i++)
{ a. int[] arr = new int[4];
fibs[i] = fibs[i-2] + fibs[i-1];
} b. int[] arr;
arr = new int[4];
 After running this code, the array fibs[]
contains the first ten Fibonacci numbers: c. int[] arr = { 1, 2, 3, 4};
1 1 2 3 5 8 13 21 34 55
d. int[] arr; just declares an array variable
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Exercise 2 Exercise 3
 Given this code fragment,  Which set of data would not be suitable
for storing in an array?
int[] data = new int[10];
System.out.println(data[j]); a. the score for each of the four quarters of a Football
match
b. your name, date of birth, and score on your physics
 Which of the following is a legal value of j? test // these are different types
c. temperature readings taken every hour throughout a
a. -1 // out of range day
b. 0 // legal value
d. your expenses each month for an entire year
c. 3.5 // out of range
d. 10 // out of range

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 Exercise 4 2-Dimensional Arrays
 What is the value of c after the following code  The arrays we've used so far can be
segment execute? thought of as a single row of values. 0 1
int [] a = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5};  A 2-dimensional array can be thought 0 8 4
int [] b = {11, 12, 13}; of as a grid (or matrix) of values 1 9 7
int [] c = new int[4]; 2 3 6
for (int j = 0; j < 3; j++) {  Each element of the 2-D array is
value at row index 2,
c[j] = a[j] + b[j]; accessed by providing two indexes: column index 0 is 3

a row index and a column index

}
c = [12, 14, 16, 0]  (A 2-D array is actually just an array of arrays)

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2-D Array Example

 Example:
A landscape grid of a 20 x 55 acre piece of land:
We want to store the height of the land at each
row and each column of the grid.

 We declare a 2D array two sets of square brackets: Decision & Repetition Statements
double[][] heights = new
double[20][55];

 This 2D array has 20 rows and 55 columns

 To access the acre at row index 11 and column index 23

user: heights[11][23]
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 Flow of Program What are Control Structures?
 Java will execute the statements in your code in a specific  Control structures alter the flow of the program,
sequence, or "flow". the sequence of statements that are executed in a
 The "flow" of the program can be described through a program.
"flow diagram":
 They act as "direction signals" to control the path
a simple program a program takes.
statement
 Two types of control structures in Java:
statement
◦ decision statements
statement ◦ loops

statement

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Decision Statements If Statement

 A decision statement allows the code to if (expression) {
statement;
execute a statement or block of statements }
conditionally. rest_of_program;

 Two types of decisions statements in Java:  expression must evaluate to a boolean

value, either true or false
◦ if statements
◦ switch statements  If expression is true, statement is
executed and then rest_of_program
 If expression is false, statement is not
executed and the program continues at
rest_of_program
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 If Statement Flow Diagram If-Else Statement
if (expression){
The if decision statement executes statement1;
a statement if an expression is true }
else{
Is expression no
statement2;
true? }
next_statement;
if (expression) {
yes
statement1;  Again, expression must produce a boolean value
} execute
statement  If expression is true, statement1 is executed and then
rest_of_program next_statement is executed.

execute  If expression is false, statement2 is executed and then

rest_of_program next_statement is executed.

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If-Else Flow Diagram Chained If-Else Statements

The if-else decision
statement executes a if (grade == 'A')
is
statement if an expression is yes no System.out.println("You got an A.");
“expression”
true and a different statement true? else if (grade == 'B')
if it is not true.
System.out.println("You got a B.");
else if (grade == 'C')
execute execute
if (expression){ statement1 statement2 System.out.println("You got a C.");
statement1; else
} else { System.out.println("You got an F.");
statement2;
execute
} rest_of_program
rest_of_program
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 Switch Statements Switch Statements…
 The switch statement enables you to test several cases generated
by a given expression.

 For example:
switch (expression) {
case value1:
statement1;
case value2:
statement2;
default:
default_statement;
}
Every statement after the true case is executed

 The expression must evaluate to a char, byte, short or

int, but not long, float, or double.
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Break Statements in Switch Statements Break Statements in Switch Statements…

 The break statement tells the computer to exit the

switch statement switch (expression){
case value1:
expression
equals
y
Do value1 thing break
// Do value1 thing value1?

 For example: break;

n
case value2:
switch (expression) { // Do value2 thing
case value1: break; expression y
equals Do value2 thing
statement1; ... value2?
break

break; default:
case value2: // Do default
statement2; action n

break; break;
}
default: // Continue the do default action
default_statement; program
break;
Continue the
} break program

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 Remember the Chained If-Else . . . Break Statements in Switch Statements…
 This is how it is accomplished with a switch:
if (grade == 'A') switch (grade) {
case 'A':
System.out.println("You got an A."); System.out.println("You got an A.");
else if (grade == 'B') break;
case 'B':
System.out.println("You got a B."); System.out.println("You got a B.");
break;
else if (grade == 'C') case 'C':
System.out.println("You got a C.");
System.out.println("You got a C."); break;
default:
else System.out.println("You got an F.");
System.out.println("You got an F."); }

 if-else chains can be sometimes be rewritten as a “switch”

statement.
 switches are usually simpler and faster

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Repetition statement while Loop

 Repetition statements are known as loops while (expression){
statement;
 A loop allows you to execute a statement or
}
block of statements repeatedly.

 This while loop executes as long as the given logical

 Three types of loops in Java: expression between parentheses is true.
1. while loops  When expression is false, execution continues with the
statement following the loop block.
2. for loops
3. do-while loops
 The expression is tested at the beginning of the loop, so if it
is initially false, the loop will not be executed at all.

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 For example: for Loop
int sum = 0; for (init_expr; loop_condition; increment_expr)
int i = 1; {
statement;
while (i <= 10){ }
sum += i; The control of the for loop appear in parentheses and is made up of
i++; three parts:
}
1. The first part, the init_expression,sets the initial
conditions for the loop and is executed before the loop starts.
 What is the value of sum?
2. Loop executes as long as the loop_condition is true and
exits otherwise.

1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10 = 55 3. The third part of the control information, the

increment_expr, is usually used to increment the loop
counter. This is executed at the end of each loop iteration.
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For example: Example :

int sum = 0;
for(int div = 0; div < 1000; div++){
if(div % 2 == 0) {
for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) {
System.out.println("even: " + div);
sum += i; } else {
} System.out.println("odd: " + div);
}
}

 What is the value of sum?  What will this for loop do?

1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 9 + 10 = 55 prints out each integer from 0 to 999,

correctly labeling them even or odd

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 for loop… loop statements…
 If there is more than one variable to set up or The for loop

increment they are separated by a comma. Initialize count

The while loop

for(i=0, j=0; i*j < 100; i++, j+=2) {

System.out.println(i * j); n
} Test condition n Test condition
is true? is true?

 You do not have to fill all three control expressions y y

but you must still have two semicolons. Execute loop Execute loop
statement(?) statement(s)

int n = 0; Increment
for(; n <= 100;) { count
Next statement
System.out.println(++n);
} New statement

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The continue Statement The continue Statement…

 The continue statement causes the program  Another continue example:
to jump to the next iteration of the loop.
int sum = 0;
for(int i = 1; i <= 10; i++){
/** if(i % 3 == 0) {
* prints out "5689" continue;
}
*/ sum += i;
for(int m = 5; m < 10; m++) { }
if(m == 7) {
continue;
 What is the value of sum?
}
System.out.print(m);
}
1 + 2 + 4 + 5 + 7 + 8 + 10 = 37

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 The break Statement Nested Loops
 We have seen the use of the break statement in the  You can nest loops of any kind one inside another to
switch statement. any depth. What does this print?
 You can also use the break statement to exit the loop for(int i = 10; i > 0; i--) {
entirely. if (i > 7) {
continue; 6
// prints out numbers unless
// num is ever exactly 400
} 5
while (num > 6) {
while (i > 3) {
if(i == 5) {
5
if(num == 400) { break; 3
break;
} 3
}
System.out.println(num);
System.out.println(--i); 2
}
num -= 8;
System.out.println(i);
1
}
}
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POP QUIZ
1. In the switch statement, which types can
expression evaluate to?
char, byte, short, int
2. What must be used to separate each section of a for
statement.
semicolons
3. Which statement causes a program to skip to the next
iteration of a loop.
continue
4. Write a for loop that outputs 100-1 in reverse
sequence.

5. Write a for loop that outputs all numbers that are End of the Chapter
divisible by 3 between 0-50.

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